The Moral Economy of Islam: Bibliographies

Moral Economy of Islam: Institute of International Studies; University of California, Berkeley

The Moral Economy of Islam; Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley

Fundamentalism: Magazines

A controversial night at the opera. (opening of opera house in Cairo) Africa Report v34, n1 (Jan-Feb, 1989):6.

A volatile mixture in a desert kingdom.(Saudi Arabia) U.S. News & World Report v120, n25 (June 24, 1996):44. Abstract: Saudi social and political democratization has been derailed by economic stagnation, Islamic militancy, and the illness of King Fahd. The regime has cracked down on dissidents, but questions linger about royal succession and debt from the Gulf War.

A war without mercy. (Egyptian crackdown on fundamentalists) Economist v326, n7802 (March 13, 1993):49. Abstract: The raid on a mosque in Aswan on Mar 9, 1993 demonstrated the Egyptian government's determination to wipe out the Islamic fundamentalist Jamaat Islamiya party. 17 fundamentalist were injured and 7 were killed. 6,000 alleged militants are now being held in prisons.

Abramson, Gary. Rise of the crescent. (Islamic fundamentalism in North Africa) Africa Report v37, n2 (March-April, 1992):18. Abstract: North African governments vary in their treatment of Islamic fundamentalist groups. Algerian military authorities are waging a campaign to eliminate the Islamic Salvation Front, Tunisia is continuing its ban of the Ennahdha fundamentalist movement, and Egypt is closely monitoring the activities of the Muslim Brotherhood. Morocco's Islamic fundamentalist movement, though more moderate than their Algerian counterpart, also is the target of political pressure from government authorities.

Ahamed, Emajuddin; Nazneen, D.R.J.A. Islam in Bangladesh: revivalism or power politics? Asian Survey v30, n8 (August, 1990):795.

Ahmad, Eqbal. A tug of war for Muslim's allegiance; fundamentalist currents vie for ascendancy. (includes article on pan-Arabism) World Press Review v38, n11 (Nov, 1991):24. Abstract: Two fundamental factions of Islam are looming in the Muslim world; one influenced by Saudi Arabia, the other by Iran. This situation carries risk and holds no promise; rather, sectarianism causes division and intolerance.

Ahmad, Eqbal. Soul struggles; the Gulf war and its aftermath has boosted the appeal of anti-American fundamentalist Islam. (Political Islam) New Statesman & Society v4, n157 (June 28, 1991):23.

Aikman, David. A dangerous confession. (harassment of Christians in Egypt) Christianity Today v35, n4 (April 8, 1991):57.

Ajami, Fouad. The battle for Egypt's soul. (growing conflicts between Islamic fundamentalists and the government) U.S. News & World Report v116, n25 (June 27, 1994):42. Abstract: There is a growing threat to the pluralistic cohesiveness of Egyptian society from Islamic fundamentalists who want to overthrow the secular state. Part of the problem is economic in nature because of the demands of an ever-growing population of 60 million surviving on 5 acres of land.

Ajami, Fouad. Have sermon, will travel. (Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman's exile in the United States) U.S. News & World Report v115, n2 (July 12, 1993):43. Abstract: Egyptian cleric Rahman gained illegal entry into the US so that he could take advantage of the US's liberal immigration and extradition laws. Rahman has been linked to the assassination of Egypt's former ruler Anwar Sadat and the 1993 bombing of the New York, NY, World Trade Center.

Ajami, Fouad. The sorrows of Egypt. Foreign Affairs v74, n5 (Sept-Oct, 1995):72. Abstract: Both Egypt's ruling elite and its historically influential middle class are suffering from a political malaise, which leaves the country vulnerable to advocates of an Islamic theocracy. A crackdown against militant fundamentalists is underway, but Egypt is unlikely to experience the level of brutality that is now occurring in Algeria. Egypt's ruling autocracy has made overtures toward the non-violent segment of the Islamic groups, such as the Muslim Brotherhood, even as it continues its violent campaign against armed extremists.

Al-Rasheed, Madawi. Saudi Arabia's Islamic opposition. Current History v95, n597 (Jan, 1996):16. Abstract: Exile groups such as London's Committee for the Defense of Legitimate rights in Saudi Arabia have been making progress in forming the first stages of real democratic dialogue inside Saudi Arabia. The need for foreign assistance in the 1991 Gulf War, plus plummeting oil prices, called the Saudi regime into question more than ever before. Dissent is based the mosques and religious universities, whose clerics, students and graduates feel shut out from political discourse, and who are bearing the brunt of economic austerity for the first time.

Album, Andrew. Egypt faces its moment of economic truth. (economic reform key to defeat of Islamic fundamentalism)(Business & Finance) Middle East n247 (July-August, 1995):28. Abstract: Experts believe that economic reform is crucial to the long-term survival not only of Pres. Hosni Mubarak's regime, but of the Egyptian nation as well. Aside from economic difficulties, Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism constitute the most serious threats to Egypt's stability. Mubarak has chosen to neutralize these militant groups mainly by clamping down on their leaders and activities and relinquishing some political authority to the Islamic establishment. Unfortunately, he continues to ignore the vital role economic development plays in this power struggle.

Algeria steps off the road to peaceful change. (demonstrations by Islamic fundamentalists on the eve of first election since independence results in martial law) Economist v319, n7710 (June 8, 1991):43.

Algeria votes for Islam. (elections) (Editorial) Economist v322, n7740 (Jan 4, 1992):10. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: The Islamic Salvation Front, a Islamic fundamentalist party, made huge gains in the recent elections in Algeria. The elections were fair, but the fundamentalist victory leads to worries that future elections will not be so democratic.

Algeria: paralyzed by fear. (Current Affairs) Middle East n233 (April, 1994):10. Abstract: The Algerian government appears to be paralyzed by the mounting violence and widespread panic brought about by the increasing control of towns and rural areas by Islamic fundamentalists. Whether it is secretly and silently plotting a strategy or it has been narcotized by the fear that Algeria may potentially become the Iran of North Africa remains the subject of speculation.

Algeria's press terror. (assassinations and harassment: reprinted from The Guardian, Mar. 18, 1996) World Press Review v43, n6 (June, 1996):47. Abstract: Journalists in Algeria face pressure from the state and from Islamic groups. The government will not allow criticism to be published, while the Islamics accuse them of collaborating. Since 1993, 50 journalists have been murdered. Most are forced to live underground or have fled the country.

Algeria's vicious circle. (fighting between army and Islamic militants) Economist v330, n7848 (Jan 29, 1994):43. Abstract: Political violence erupted after the Algerian army cancelled the second round of presidential elections and prevented the Islamic Salvation Front from gaining political power. More than 3,000 people have been killed since 1991, and Algeria may be nearing civil war.

Alrawi, Karim. Fiction's freedom. (New Censors)(Egypt) Index on Censorship v25, n2 (March-April, 1996):172. Abstract: Constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression in Egypt is curtailed by a mixture of official and unofficial censorship. A number of constitutional laws safeguard individuals' freedoms, but security forces and secret police ignore these rules and impose total censorship. Every publisher has to submit two copies of the manuscript to the state for security clearance. Employees of foreign correspondents and authors are forced to reveal the kind of information their employers are dealing with. Islamic fundamentalists implement censorship with explicit threats on life.

Alrawi, Karim. Goodbye to the enlightenment. (religious intolerance in Egypt) Index on Censorship v23, n1-2 (May-June, 1994):112. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism has been on the increase since 1970 and the Quran is regarded as the ultimate answer to every question concerning the people's lives. The State Censorship Board and Sheikh Shaarawi, a widely known preacher, subscribe to the fundamentalist view of the Quran that expects Egypt to conform to the words of the Quran.

Altman, Fabio; al-Ghamri, Atef. The Muslims are coming. (fears of Islam) (Cover Story) World Press Review v41, n5 (May, 1994):8. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: The rise of Islamic fundamentalism is worrisome, but it is not a monolithic threat. Many Westerners link Muslims with terrorism, though they are as likely to be victims as perpetrators. However, some conservative Islamic sects are vigorously spreading intolerance.

Alwari, Karim. Letter from "God's Country." (religious fundamentalism in Egypt and the US) New Statesman & Society v6, n256 (June 11, 1993):11. Abstract: An Egyptian playwright who toured the Midwest with a play production compares the censorship of the arts that is demanded by fundamentalist religious authorities in Egypt with the bigotry of evangelical fundamentalists in the US.

American deaths: Pakistan.(killings of two American consular officials) Economist v334, n7905 (March 11, 1995):35.

Amuzegar, Jahangir. The truth and illusion of Islamic fundamentalism. SAIS Review v13, n2 (Summer-Fall, 1993):127. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists, often viewed as a threat to democracy, have been successful in establishing democratic governments in countries such as Jordan, Algeria and Kuwait. The concept of democracy in Islam cannot be equated with that of the Western World. Western countries should first distinguish between 'religious and political Islam,' and should plan practical policies to fight the Islamization of political institutions.

Anderson, Harry. The end of the Khomeini era; the ayatollah dies, but can his successor rule? (Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini) Newsweek v113, n24 (June 12, 1989):40. Pub Type: Biography.

Anderson, Lisa. Liberalism, Islam, and the Arab state. Dissent v41, n4 (Fall, 1994):439. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism, which opposes liberal democracy, took root in Arab countries due to the Arab regimes' promoting pre-industrial welfare states, which discourage the growth of ideology-based groups and encourage identity-based groups. The failure of the regimes to fulfill their goals and the absence of regular elections distanced the people from the rulers. Islamists used moral standards to judge the governments and decided that only a government run on Islamic principles would succeed. However, they also have the same pattern of governing as the regimes they replaced.

Arat, Yesim. Islamic fundamentalism and women in Turkey. Muslim World v80, n1 (Jan, 1990):17.

Army thrust into the front line. (Algeria under Gen. Lamine Zeroual and the armed forces) (Current Affairs) Middle East n232 (March, 1994):16. Abstract: Algeria came under full overt control of the military with the appointment of Gen Lamine Zeroual as its sixth president. Zeroual's ascension to power comes at a time when Algeria is reeling from the effects of its war against Islamic fundamentalists and a severe economic crisis. While the army-led government is expected to be better able to deal with terrorists and to bring back stability, most Algerians see true progress as a remote possibility, considering the deteriorating political and economic situation.

Arostegui, Martin. Fundamental problem. (Algeria) National Review v47, n17 (Sept 11, 1995):32. Abstract: The conflict between militant Muslim fundamentalists and Algeria's military government has degenerated into near civil war. The brutality of the fundamentalists has been exceeded by the government crackdown, which has featured killing entire villages. Morrocans hope the conflict does not spread.

As you sow: Pakistan. (Islamic extremists claimed responsibility for the Nov 19, 1995, bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan)(Brief Article) Economist v337, n7942 (Nov 25, 1995):35. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Attack on justice. (members of judiciary in Algeria intimidated by both Islamic rebels and government officials) Index on Censorship v23, n4-5 (Sept-Oct, 1994):167. Abstract: Lawyers in Algeria fighting human rights abuse by either government agencies or Islamic terrorists face death threats, prosecution or imprisonment. Defending victims of terrorist violence invites retribution from the rebels while opposition to the government's treatment of rebels may lead to arrest and imprisonment. Several lawyers committed to human rights, such as the president of the Algerian League for Human Rights, Youssef Fathallah, have been killed by terrorists in 1994.

Avineri, Shlomo. Beyond Saddam: the Arab trauma. Dissent v38, n2 (Spring, 1991):149.

Avineri, Shlomo. The return to Islam. (fighting Islamic fundamentalism) Dissent v40, n4 (Fall, 1993):410. Abstract: Western countries have to unite to fight the rise in Islamic fundamentalism, though they should be against fanaticism only and not against the religion, which has been traditionally viewed as primitive. Western thought and Christianity have been suggested as remedies to the poverty and backwardness of Arab countries. However, history has proven that the solution lies in understanding Islam apart from its traditions and without chauvinism.

Ayatollah so ....(Louis Farrakhan quote predicting holy Muslim conquest of US)(Notebook)(Brief Article) Time v147, n9 (Feb 26, 1996):12. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Aznam, Suhaini. The fading fervour. (Malaysia's opposition Parti Islam adapts to the leveling out of the dakwah, or Muslim proselytizing movement) Far Eastern Economic Review v153, n27 (July 4, 1991):17.

Azzam, Maha. The Gulf crisis: perceptions in the Muslim world. International Affairs v67, n3 (July, 1991):473.

Baddafi, Muammar. Libya.(World Press Freedom Review 1995) IPI Report (Nov-Dec 1995):67. Abstract: Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi has been able to quash any opposition since he took over power in Libya in 1969. Gaddafi appears every night on TV and he is very critical of the way he is presented on the media. He is the author of the Green Book containing his philosophies on Islam, pan-Arabism and Marxism. Gaddafi has banned all opposition parties since he seized power in 1969. Fundamentalism is seen to be a threat to Gaddafi in the form of assassinations.

Bahrampour, Tara. Young and westless: Tehran's teen invasion. (Iranian exile families return with teenage children) New Republic v210, n14 (April 4, 1994): 12. Abstract: A slight softening of rigid Islamic law has enticed more than 100,000 mid-1970's wealthy exiles to return to northern and western Teheran enclaves since the late 1980s. Separate 'adjustment' schools try to close the culture gap for teenage returnees, with little apparent success.

Baker, Barbara. Muslim law threatens religious freedoms. (Pakistan) Christianity Today v36, n3 (March 9, 1992):63. Abstract: The Pakistani Parliament's controversial Shari'a Act, passed in May 1991, threatens the religious freedom of the nation's three million Christians and other religious minorities. Worse yet, the Act's vague wording has prevented a final Supreme Court ruling and increased ambiguity over its enforcement.

Baker, Raymond William. Afraid for Islam: Egypt's Muslim centrists between pharaohs and fundamentalists. (Religion and Politics) Daedalus v120, n3 (Summer, 1991):41. Abstract: The assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat caused the US to focus on the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and its threat to the US.

Bakhash, Shaul. Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharaoh. (book reviews) New York Review of Books v35, n12 (July 21, 1988):30. Pub Type: Review.

Bakhash, Shaul. The Islamic struggle in Syria. (book reviews) New York Review of Books v35, n12 (July 21, 1988):30. Pub Type: Review.

Bakhash, Shaul. The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East. (book reviews) New York Review of Books v35, n12 (July 21, 1988):30. Pub Type: Review.

Bakhash, Shaul. Interpretations of Islam: Past and Present. (book reviews) New York Review of Books v35, n12 (July 21, 1988):30. Pub Type: Review.

Baldwin, Deborah. The mounting death toll of Algerian journalists. American Journalism Review v17, n9 (Nov, 1995):10. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists in Algeria have targeted journalists in an effort to topple the government. Since May 1993, at least 49 journalists have been brutally killed. Violence broke out in 1992 when the government waived elections to prevent fundamentalist Muslims from taking over. The Algerian government's censorship policy may have led terrorists to believe the press supports the government. More than 30,000 Algerians have died in the conflict, including intellectuals and academics suspected of anti-Islamic fundamentalist views.

Bangladesh.(World Press Freedom Review 1995) IPI Report (Nov-Dec, 1995):14. Abstract: The Bangladesh press are adversely affected by state control over advertising and the continued threat from Islamic fundamentalists. Journalists in Bangladesh face the physical hazards presented by the fundamentalists. The government is being perceived as weak in prosecuting this Moslem community. State control has been maintained by the government over the electronic media. Indirect pressure has also been enforced on the print media.

Bangladesh: woman author threatened by fundamentalists. (feminist writer Taslima Nasreen) (Reports from Around the World: Asia and Pacific) WIN News v20, n4 (Autumn, 1994):57. Abstract: Feminist author Taslima Nasreen is being threatened with religious persecution in her native Bangladesh. Nasreen has, through her writings, sought the reform of the Sharia, the law of Islam, toward greater sexual equality. Her interpretations of women's rights has earned her the ire of Muslim fundamentalists who accuse her of disrespect for the Koran and of attempting to hurt Muslims' religious feelings. The writer is in a plight similar to that of author Salman Rushdie, who is also in hiding.

Bangladeshi writer in hiding. (writer Taslima Nasreen). off our backs v24, n8 (August-Sept, 1994):4. Abstract: Bangladeshi feminist writer Taslima Nasreen is in hiding following Islamic fundamentalists' threat to her life after her call for a changed Muslim family law providing more rights to women. Nasreen's works express her opposition to the bad treatment meted out to women in the name of religion. While the government is also against Nasreen, the Bangladeshi group Women Living Under Muslim Laws supports the writer.

Bardach, Ann Louise. All in the name of Islam. (abuse of women) Reader's Digest v144, n861 (Jan, 1994):123. Abstract: Extremist fundamentalism is a political movement rather than a religious one. Islamic fundamentalism rationalizes abuses against women such as restricted rights, female circumcision and even killing as a punishment for dishonorable acts.

Bartholet, Jeffrey. Bingo! Gaza loses again. (fundamentalists disrupt Palestinian entertainments) Newsweek v124, n25 (Dec 19, 1994):40. Abstract: Autonomy enabled the Palestinians in Gaza to revive recreational activities they had not enjoyed in years, only to have them threatened or destroyed by militant fundamentalists. Militants have disrupted bingo games, burned movie theaters and destroyed video stores.

Bartholet, Jeffrey. If the homeland becomes a gangland. (Palestinian extremists in the Gaza Strip) Newsweek v122, n13 (Sept 27, 1993):30. Abstract: It is still uncertain whether Palestinians in the newly independent area of the Gaza Strip will be able to quell the violence that has been endemic to the region. Many of the radical islamic fundamentalist groups have used tactics such as kidnapping and torture to enforce their political views.

Bartholet, Jeffrey; Berger, Carol. A wave of terror all their own. (Islamic terrorists in the Egyptian military) Newsweek v122, n9 (August 30, 1993):41. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists are starting to infiltrate the Egyptian military. Three of the 53 people on trial for terrorism in Egypt are soldiers. If the army becomes sympathetic to Islamic fundamentalist causes, the regime of Pres Hosni Mubarak may topple.

Behar, Richard. The secret life of Mahmud the red. (terrorist Mahmud Abouhalima) (Cover Story) Time v142, n14 (Oct 4, 1993):54. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Abouhalima is suspected of being the ringleader of the gang responsible for the World Trade Center bombing, yet there is very little physical evidence against him. His humble background belies a religious fervor which the FBI feels makes him a prototype for future Islamic terrorists.

Ben Bella, Ahmed. A time for peace in Algeria. World Today v51, n11 (Nov, 1995):208. Abstract: Algeria has good prospects for a sincere peace between its presently warring factions but this can be achieved only through dialogue. Such an exchange of views has proven elusive, but the debate that started in Rome in Nov 1994 provides a model for further discussion. While the present political crisis could continue indefinitely, spurred on by the huge economic interests involved, both the army and the Islamic fundamentalist movement recognize that neither is going away.

Bennoune, Karima E. The war against women in Algeria. Ms. Magazine v6, n2 (Sept-Oct, 1995):22. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalist militias are targeting women in their campaign to establish an Islamic state. Women are kidnapped, raped and killed everyday. They are using their US-backed military training in the 1980s in their assault against Algerian women.

Bennoune, Karima. Algerian women confront fundamentalism. Monthly Review v46, n4 (Sept, 1994):26. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalist groups in Algeria have targeted women for violent attacks and used threats of violence to intimidate them. This is a form of political repression that has received too little attention from international human rights organizations.

Better and worse: Egypt. (fundamentalist violence quelled) Economist v331, n7858 (April 9, 1994):48. Abstract: A massive police crackdown has probably saved the Egyptian tourism industry and has eased the threat of an Islamic revolution. However, the factors which led to the violence beginning in 1992, such as a 20% unemployment rate, persist and may yet lead to the fall of the Husni Mubarak regime.

Beyer, Lisa. Victims or victors? (Palestinian fundamentalist organization Hamas) Time v141, n2 (Jan 11, 1993):22. Abstract: The Islamic fundamentalist group Hamas has become more influential than the PLO in the struggle against Israel, with an ultimate goal of destruction of the Jewish state. The movement may lead Israelis into negotiations with the PLO, which still seeks a peaceful settlement.

Beyer, Lisa. A bloody taste of civil war. (violence among Palestinians in the Gaza Strip) Time v144, n22 (Nov 28, 1994):46. Abstract: Yasir Arafat's security forces gunned down Islamic fundamentalist protesters in the Gaza Strip in Nov 1994. Groups such as Islamic Jihad are against Arafat for his weak stance against Israel. These events may foreshadow civil war among Palestinians.

Bhatia, Shyam. Women as targets in Algeria.(reprinted from The Observer, Feb 11, 1996) World Press Review v43, n5 (May, 1996):40. Abstract: Women and girls have become the favorite targets of Islamic fundamentalists in Algeria. The government reports that 112 women and schoolgirls were raped and murdered in 1995. Authorities believe that Armed Islamic Group emir Sherif Kosami has inspired the targeting of women and girls.

Bierman, John. Khomeini strikes back. (retribution against Islamic moderates in Iran) Maclean's v102, n15 (April 10, 1989):25.

Bilski, Andrew. A reign of terror: Muslim fundamentalists battle for power. (Algeria) Maclean's v107, n12 (March 21, 1994):24. Abstract: The Islamic Salvation Front declared war on the Algerian government in 1992, and since then over 3,000 people have been killed in terrorists attacks and government military operations. Many middle class Algerians have fled the country.

Bilski, Andrew. Islam's broadening sweep. (Algeria) Maclean's v105, n4 (Jan 27, 1992):20. Abstract: The Algerian army took control of the government on Jan 16, 1992, following the nation's first free parliamentary elections appeared to give a majority to Islamic fundamentalists. Although the fundamentalists eventually reacted in a nonviolent manner, the potential for violence remained.

Bilski, Andrew. Call to arms: Western leaders fear that Islamic militancy is on the rise. Maclean's v108, n16 (April 17, 1995):30. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism is seen by some Western policymakers, such as NATO Secretary General Willy Claes, as one of the most pressing problems of the 1990s. An Apr 1995 conference of fundamentalists in Khartoum, Sudan, did little to assuage Western fears. Conditions in seven countries are detailed.

Bitterness rules. (Muslim reactions to Persian Gulf War, 1991-) Economist v318, n7692 (Feb 2, 1991):19.

Blocking the goal. (Turkey) (includes related article on Islamic fundamentalism in Turkey) Economist v310, n7594 (March 18, 1989):47.

Bollag, Burton. Battling fundamentalism. (protest in Egyptian universities against Islamists) Chronicle of Higher Education v40, n22 (Feb 2, 1994):A42. Abstract: The Egyptian government believes that a thorough screening of applications for student leadership posts will help control the influence of fundamentalist ideas in schools and colleges. Students oppose the influence of fundamentalists and opposition resulted in violent incidents in Alexandria University and Cairo University. Pres Hosni Mubarak plans to keep religion away from the education system.

Bollag, Burton. Enrollment boom, rise of fundamentalism put Egypt's universities under pressure. Chronicle of Higher Education v37, n39 (June 12, 1991):A31.

Bollag, Burton. Universities across the Arab world confront the pressure of 'Islamism.' (Islamic influence on Arabian Universities) Chronicle of Higher Education v40, n22 (Feb 2, 1994):A43. Abstract: Arab universities experience the growing popularity of 'Islamism' and have attracted many students majoring in Islamic studies. Arab governments view the advent of Islamism in universities as a threat to the state, and intellectuals are caught between conservative public and fanatics. However, in secular Arab states such as Syria, Libya and Iraq, Islamic fundamentalism has always faced a defeat.

Bonner, Raymond. Letter from Sudan. New Yorker v68, n21 (July 13, 1992):70. Abstract: The Jun 1989 military coup in Sudan eventually produced a hard-line fundamentalist Islamic theocracy, which has intensified the famine-producing civil war in the non-Muslim Southern Sudan. The pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence history of Islamic fundamentalism in the Sudan is detailed.

Bordewich, Fergus M. A holy war heads our way. (Islamic fundamentalism) Reader's Digest v146, n873 (Jan, 1995):76. Abstract: Islamic radicalism is spreading across the Middle East. This sweeping fundamentalism poses a grave threat to the national-security interests of the US because it rejects Western presence in the Middle East.

Bronner, Ethan. Unveiled: Iran's Mullah's chill out. (political and social moderation) New Republic v206, n23 (June 8, 1992):17. Abstract: The social control of Islamic fundamentalists over such lifestyle issues as alcohol consumption and western dress is slowly eroding. For the first time in the 13-year history of the Islamic revolution, moderates control the Iranian parliament, and the US can now try to slowly repair relations with Iran.

Brookhiser, Richard. Islamic fundamentalism refisited. (understanding the spiritual side of Islam which is separate from Islamic fundamentalism) National Review v45, n22 (Nov 15, 1993):62. Abstract: A visit to Turkey and the discovery of the influence of the 13th century mystic Mevlana revealed the spirituality and devotion of Moslems. It underscored the fact that no religion survives without some degree of diversity in its religious principles.

Brooks, Geraldine. Salman Rushdie: my lunch with a condemned man. (Interview) New Republic v207, n5 (July 27, 1992):22. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: Rushdie is bitter over the fact that Western nations have not protested the radical Muslim terrorist threat against his life. His new novel will not deal with the issues of Islamic piety which have left him in hiding.

Budeiri, Musa K. The nationalist dimension of Islamic movements in Palestinian politics. Journal of Palestine Studies v24, n3 (Spring, 1995):89. Abstract: H.H. Ahmad has written 'Hamas, from Religious Salvation to Political Transformation: The Rise of Palestinian Society,' which deals with the Islamic movements in Palestine up to the Hebron massacre. Ziad Abu-Amr wrote 'Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and Islamic Jihad,' which situates Hamas and the Islamic Jihad in the wider context of the Islamic movement. Ahmad Rashad's 'Hamas: Palestinian Politics with an Islamic Hue' is a concise and thoughtful account of the Islamic movement. Unlike Ahmad and Abu-Amr, Rashad does not support the Western view that the Islamic movement represents a new fundamentalist threat.

Bulliet, Richard W. The future of the Islamic movement. (The Israeli-PLO Accord) Foreign Affairs v72, n5 (Nov-Dec, 1993):38. Abstract: The growing Islamic movement was a factor in convincing Israel to make peace with the Palestine Liberation Organization. Israel did not want to find itself a lone amid a group of fundamentalist states. The Islamic movement has used hatred of Israel to increase its ranks, but it would be foolhardy for Muslims to resort to violence. Islamic leaders are not stupid and will not be likely to risk world condemnation. Hezbollah, Hamas, an independent Palestinian state and several Arab countries are discussed.

Bullough, Vern L. Some thoughts on Islamic fundamentalism. Free Inquiry v15, n2 (Spring, 1995):40. Abstract: The rise of fundamentalism in Islamic countries was supported in part by the decline of communism and the self-interests of nations who relied on oil from the Middle East. Thus, fundamentalist movements were allowed to flourish because they were thought to be marginal and a tolerable alternative to dictatorships in countries such as Libya and Iran. However, as fundamentalist groups assumed control of Muslim countries, they have attempted to enforce Muslim law and ideology based on the Koran that pose a threat to democratic institutions and states.

Bye Bye Masari.(U.K. deports Saudi Islamic extremist Mohammed al-Masari)(Notebook)(Editorial) New Republic v214, n5 (Jan 29, 1996):9. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: Masari's Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights in Saudi Arabia was merely a front for radical international Islam. His campaign to destabilize Saudi Arabia has been funded by Iran, Sudan, and has now moved with him to Dominica. More nations should reject his applications for asylum.

Can Islam, democracy, and modernization co-exist? Africa Report v35, n4 (Sept-Oct, 1990):9.

Car bomb kills 42 in Algiers.(includes other Algerian news) Facts on File v55, n2827 (Feb 2, 1995):71. Abstract: A bomb set inside a car exploded on Jan 30, 1995, in Algiers, Algeria, killing 42 and injuring 286. This is the most violent occurrence in the 3-yr conflict between the secular government and Muslim fundamentalists. Though no group claims responsibility, officials are blaming the fundamentalists.

Carmona, Jeff. Challenging people's fears of 'Islamic revivalism.' (misconceptions about Islamic fundamentalism) Chronicle of Higher Education v40, n38 (May 25, 1994):A5. Abstract: Director of Georgetown Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding John L. Esposito, who has received his doctorate in Islamic studies, dispels several misconceptions about Islamic fundamentalism in his books and lectures. According to him, not all Muslims are violent, and people should not judge the whole race on the actions of extremists.

Carnegie, M.D. Between east and west. (Turkey) American Spectator v29, n5 (May, 1996):36. Abstract: Turkey's links to the west are threatened by the rise to power of the Islamic fundamentalist political party Refah. The Refah has vowed to eliminate Western influences, and enjoys public support for its efficiency.

Carver, Robert. Despair among the dervishes: the role of fundamentalism in Turkey. Times Literary Supplement n4792 (Feb 3, 1995):13. Abstract: Turkey's Islamist, fundamentalist Refah Party may soon come to power, impose the Sharia law, and replace the Western style, secular institutions with undemocratic Islamic ones. Attempts to prevent the Refah from capturing power will involve the military and lead to a civil war similar to the conflict in Algeria. An Islamist government in Turkey may also lead to a revival of Turkish nationalism and militarism and aggravate historical disputes between Turkey and neighboring states.

Castro, Janice. Tapes of wrath. (Muslim fundamentalists taping sermons and sending them out worldwide) (Brief Article) Time v139, n24 (June 15, 1992):15. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Cherry, Matthew. Free expression under fire in Bangladesh. (humanist and feminist Taslima Nasreen) Free Inquiry v14, n4 (Fall, 1994):8. Abstract: Bangladeshi doctor Taslima Nareen is paying a high price for her literary success. She drew the ire of Islamic fundamentalists when she wrote a novel in 1993, titled 'Lajja' meaning shame, that portrays a Hindu Bangladeshi family attacked by Muslims. Nasreen was also misquoted by a Calcutta magazine in May 1994 as having called for the rewriting of the Koran. Secularists in Bangladesh and humanists and human rights advocates around the world have to face a long struggle to make Taslima Nasreen a prophet of Bangladesh's humanist future.

Chesnoff, Richard Z. Fundamentalist fears: deported Islamic radicals pose a danger to Israel and Arab states alike. U.S. News & World Report v114, n1 (Jan 11, 1993):28. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists hope to threaten the Arab-Israeli peace talks and democratic reforms within Arab nations. Israel's expulsion of 415 Palestinian fundamentalists was condemned by neighboring Arab nations, even though fundamentalism threatened their own democratic reforms.

Chesnoff, Richard Z. The Mideast stutter steps toward peace: the beat goes on for Israel, the Palestinians and Syria. (Outlook 1995: Predictions) U.S. News & World Report v117, n25 (Dec 26, 1994):63. Abstract: Syria will probably make progress towards normalizing relations with Israel in 1995, because Syria wants to reap the economic benefits that improved relations would bring. It is also likely that Palestinian terrorists will continue their campaign against the Middle East peace accord.

Chesnoff, Richard Z. Between bombers and believers: a host of radical groups are at work in America. U.S. News & World Report v115, n11 (Sept 20, 1993):34. Abstract: Several militant Islamic fundamentalist groups have established themselves in the US. A small, but growing number of these groups are plotting terrorists acts. The terrorists are taking advantage of liberal immigration laws and the right to free speech to promote their beliefs.

Chesnoff, Richard Z. A helping hand from Saudi Arabia. (reports that the Intl Islamic Relief Organization funnels financial aid from Saudi Arabia to Islamic extremists in the West bank and Gaza Strip)(Brief Article) U.S. News & World Report v121, n2 (July 8, 1996):32. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Chesnoff, Richard Z. A Mideast cry for help: amid horrifying scenes of violence, new efforts to keep the peace process from breaking down.(includes related article on Hezbollah) U.S. News & World Report v120, n17 (April 29, 1996):40. Abstract: Israeli bombardment of Iranian-backed Hezbollah guerrillas in southern Lebanon accidently killed more than 90 refugees, spurring a new round of high-level diplomatic efforts by the US. Negotiators hope to win a cease-fire from Syria through the May national elections in Israel.

Church, George J. Snared in the terrorist web. (fifteen Islamic fundamentalists indicted for conspiracy)(includes related article on informer Emad Salem) Time v142, n10 (Sept 6, 1993):30. Abstract: Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman and fourteen other US Islamic fundamentalists pleaded not guilty to plotting terrorist activities including the Feb 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center. The case against them is built on testimony by Emad Salem, who many consider untrustworthy.

Clinton's meeting with persecuted author angers Muslim extremists. (Indian-born British writer Salman Rushdie) Church & State v47, n1 (Jan, 1994):16. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists fiercely opposed Pres Clinton's meeting with persecuted writer Salman Rushdie, who faces a death threat announced by the late Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, for his allegedly derogatory remarks on Islam in his book 'The Satanic Verses.' Clinton's action represented a significant shift from former Pres George Bush's hardline stance on the subject.

Cockburn, Alexander. Satanic sacrifice. (Salman Rushdie's criticism of Turkish secularists) New Statesman & Society v6, n261 (July 16, 1993):14. Abstract: Salman Rushdie expressed sympathy for the Turkish secularists persecuted by fundamentalists, but he also criticized their leader, Aziz Nesin, for his unauthorized publication of excerpts from 'The Satanic Verses.'.

Coffman, Jim. Choosing the veil. (radical Muslim Algerian women) Mother Jones v16, n6 (Nov-Dec, 1991):23. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism is sweeping Algeria. Many young professional women are eagerly committing to the 'hijab', or veil, because of the freedom it offers from male chauvinism and Western degeneracy.

Cofsky, Warren. Copts bear the brunt of Islamic extremism. (Coptic Christians in Egypt) Christianity Today v37, n3 (March 8, 1993):46. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism is growing in Egypt, and Coptic Christians are increasingly the target of violence and discrimination. The US State Dept issued a 1992 report on human rights in Egypt which noted that 27 Copts were robbed and murdered that year.

Coleman, Fred. Will Turkey be the next Iran? (rise in Islamic fundamentalism) (includes interview with Turkey's Prime Minister Tansu Ciller) U.S. News & World Report v116, n22 (June 6, 1994):51. Abstract: The Islamic fundamentalist Refah Party won 19% of the vote in local elections in Mar 1994, and some people fear the party may win the 1996 national elections. Many Turks are unhappy with the economy and the way Turkey has been treated by Europe and other Western nations.

Connolly, Clara. Washing our linen: one year of women against fundamentalism. (Women, Religion and Dissent) Feminist Review n37 (Spring, 1991):68.

Controversial feminist writer flees. (Taslima Nasreen leaves Bangladesh) (includes related articles) Facts on File v54, n2802 (August 11, 1994):572. Abstract: Nasreen, a feminist author from Bangladesh, took refuge in Sweden on Aug 10, 1994. She had been hiding in her native country since Jun 4, 1994, following the publication of controversial remarks made by the author about the Koran. Death threats and an arrest warrant have been issued against her.

Costa, Peter da. Shades of Algeria? (Islamic fundamentalism in Senegal) Africa Report v39, n3 (May-June, 1994):58. Abstract: Pitched street battles in Dakar involving fundamentalist Muslim sects have raised fears over the emergence of Islamic fundamentalism as a major political force in Senegal. To date, fundamentalist Muslim sects have chosen to remain relatively obscure within Senegalese opposition politics. However, massive unemployment amid an increasingly volatile economy is proving to be a fertile breeding ground for radical Islam.

Crackdown on Islamic groups begun. (Pakistan) (Brief Article) Facts on File v53, n2734 (April 22, 1993):298. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Darwish, Adel. Creeping intolerance and a state at risk. (Islamic laws in Egypt) Index on Censorship v22, n7 (July-August, 1993):33. Abstract: A ten centuries old Islamic law, known as 'Hisbah,' does not permit the marriage of a Muslim to an apostate. Such cases have led to confrontations between the citizens with the right to freedom of thought and the conservative Islamic fundamentalists in Egypt. Egyptian intellectuals have accused the Islamic fundamentalists of for intimidating the Egyptians, although Muslims do not consider such acts as an offense against Islamic law.

Democracy at gunpoint: to Turkey, freedom does not come naturally.(A Survey of Turkey) Economist v339, n7969 (June 8, 1996):S18. Abstract: Turkey is a composite of many different political interest groups such as Islamic fundamentalists, Turkish nationalists and leftist secularists. The move towards democracy hinges on the current government's handling of the economy, human rights and other major issues.

Department of obfuscation. (Leslie and Andrew Cockburn's New Yorker article on exiled Saudi Arabian 'democrats')(Notebook) (Editorial) New Republic v211, n25 (Dec 19, 1994):8. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: The Cockburns have been deluded by the London-based Islamic extremists. Their histories, unexplored in the article, make it clear they would turn Saudi Arabia into an Iran-like fundamentalist state.

Dickey, Christopher. The ninjas crack down. (hard-line government repression of terrorists in Egypt and Algeria)(includes related interview with Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak) Newsweek v125, n25 (June 19, 1995):43. Abstract: Egypt and Algeria, which had been seemingly at the mercy of Islamic fundamentalists, have regained control by means of repressive anti-terrorist police squads. Western governments complain officially about human-rights abuses but secretly applaud their success in controlling terrorism.

Dickey, Christopher. Should we fear Islam? (Islamic fundamentalists) Newsweek v121, n7 (Feb 15, 1993):30. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism can be dangerous when followers attempt to impose their values on everyone, but the West tends to fear Islamic fundamentalists out of proportion to the actual threat they pose.

Fingering Tehran. (murder of Turkish reporter Ugur Mumcu blamed on Iranian fundamentalists) (Brief Article) Time v141, n6 (Feb 8, 1993):20. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Drifting apart. (funadamentalist violence in Egypt) (Current Affairs) Middle East n212 (June, 1992):23. Abstract: Coptic Christians in Egypt are becoming frequent victims of political violence. The attacks are perpetrated by Muslims who are dissatisfied with economic hardships under the moderate Islamic government and have turned to extremist Islam. Efforts to stop the violence seem useless as crackdowns by security forces on perpetrators have only served to worsen the situation. Intellectuals and liberals have proposed the inclusion of wider political education for the concerned sectarian groups in media, but the government refuses to relinquish its control over television and radio.

Edwards, Frederick. In defense of Taslima Nasrin. (Bangladeshi dissident; includes statement on gay civil rights) Humanist v54, n5 (Sept-Oct, 1994):42. Abstract: The International Humanist and Ethical Union has initiated a campaign to protect the rights of feminist author Taslima Nasrin who has been accused of heresy by the Muslim government of Bangladesh. Nasrin's only crime was in claiming to be a humanist in an Islamic country.

Eggert, Konstantin. Moscow erects barrier to Muslim extremism in Central Asia. (Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev's visit to Afghanistan and Tajikistan) Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press v45, n37 (Oct 13, 1993):17. Abstract: The Russian Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev's visit to Afghanistan and Tajikistan was aimed at diffusing the tension in the Afghan-Tajikistan border areas that Russia feels is the result of Islamic religious extremism. Afghanistan objected to the presence of CIS coalition forces on the border but the presence of these troops is legal and necessary to maintain peace. The overall strategy of Russia is to limit the spread of Islamic fundamentalism in Central Asia. The friendship and cooperation between Russia and Tajikistan will help Tajikistan administer itself while the CIS troops are deployed to maintain peace.

Emerson, Steven. The other fundamentalists: a look inside the radical Islamist network.(in the U.S.)(Cover Story) New Republic v212, n24 (June 12, 1995):21. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: While the vast majority of American Muslims are law-abiding, groups such as the Muslim Arab Youth Assoc, Hamas, the Islamic Assoc for Palestine, and the Islamic Concern Project use US religious rights to conceal fundraising used for terrorism, both at home and abroad.

Esseff, John A. Western churches respond to Islamic fundamentalism. USA Today (Magazine) v117, n2520 (Sept, 1988):63.

Evans, Richard. Fundamentalists flood the world. (Islamic fundamentalism)(includes related article) Geographical Magazine v61, n3 (March, 1989):10.

Falk, Richard. In search of a new world model. (the emerging world order after the end of the Cold War) Current History v92, n573 (April, 1993):145. Abstract: The end of the Cold War has not brought various international disputes to an end. Part of the problem exists in the transition various former communist countries must experience. The resultant internal turmoil has created migrations of unwanted populations into other countries.

Farley, Jonathan. The Maghreb's Islamic challenge. (North Africa) World Today v47, n8-9 (August-Sept, 1991):148.

Fear of beardies. (islamic fundamentalism in Tunisia) Economist v324, n7776 (Sept 12, 1992):44. Abstract: The Islamic movement Ennahdha is being brutally repressed in Tunisia. 250 were sent to prison for treason on the basis of confessions abstracted through torture. The secular government fears the power of Islamic fundamentalists exhibited in other Arab countries.

FIS leader arrested. (Islamic Salvation Front in Algeria) (includes related articles) (Brief Article) Facts on File v52, n2671 (Jan 30, 1992):61. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Flames around the mosques: Iran. (fundamentalist Islamic riots) Economist v323, n7762 (June 6, 1992):44. Abstract: The worst riots since the 1979 revolution wracked the cities of Mashad, Arak, Shiraz and Tabriz in May 1992. The government blames Islamic hardliners, who lost all parliamentary power in the Apr 1992 elections. The rioters blame government economic reforms for declining living standards, and observers say the unrest could worsen.

Flint, Julie. Religious intolerance. (Sudan) Africa Report v40, n3 (May-June, 1995):37. Abstract: Sudan is accused of using religious tolerance to gain goodwill from the international community. While the government claims to welcome different faiths in the country, it actually commits and tolerates rampant human rights abuses against non-Muslims. Pressure from outside groups has eased the situation in the capital of Khartoum, as harassment of Catholic Christians in the city has been stopped. In the countryside, however, Christians continue to be persecuted and forced to convert to Islam.

Flint, Julie. In the name of Islam. (Sudan) Africa Report v40, n3 (May-June, 1995):34. Abstract: Sudan's Islamic government led by Gen. Omar Bashir has been the subject of criticism for its widespread human rights abuses. Observers believe, however, that human rights abuse cases have been sigificantly reduced owing to the regime's intimidation of the population. Sudanese do not dare to speak up against the regime in public for fear of retaliation, though many privately complain of the concentration of wealth and power on a powerful few, while ordinary people continue to struggle with economic hardship.

France.(World Press Freedom Review 1995) IPI Report (Nov-Dec, 1995):41. Abstract: French Pres. Jacques Chirac criticized the coverage of the bombings in France by Algerian Islamic extremists in his first television interview. Extended news editions on the more serious bombings are feared to lead to a bomb psychosis among French viewers. The fear of fundamentalists have led to the ban of a book authored by a group linked to the Islamic Salvation Front.

French hostages freed by extremists. (Algeria) (includes related articles) Facts on File v53, n2763 (Nov 11, 1993):851. Abstract: Three French citizens who worked for the French consulate-general in Algiers, Algeria, were freed on Oct 31, 1993, after Algerian government security forces launched a raid against the Islamic Armed Group which was holding the hostages.

Fritz, Johann. Assassination - today's most ghoulish growth industry. IPI Report (Nov-Dec, 1995):2. Abstract: Two phenomena are significantly affecting the world. First, Internet has speedily relayed information around the world. Second, journalists are being threatened by murders, legal harassment, licensing and economic censorship. Assassination is the most rampant way of silencing the press. It has become Russia's most abominable growth industry. Algerian Islamic fundamentalists have committed the most gruesome assassination of journalists.

Fundamentalism unlimited. (religious fundamentalism and politics) Economist v326, n7804 (March 27, 1993):45. Abstract: Fundamentalists are seizing more political power worldwide. In Arab countries, Islamic fundamentalists are gaining strength and in the US, Christian fundamentalists seek to influence political decisions. Experts disagree on whether such movements should be outlawed or accommodated.

Fundamentally confused: France. (French relations with Algeria) Economist v334, n7896 (Jan 7, 1995):41. Abstract: France has close ties to Algeria, but the Air France hijacking has increased fears that terrorism backed by Islamic fundamentalists will spread to French soil. The government is attempting to support the Algerian military regime without alienating the fundamentalists who may come to power.

Gardels, Nathan. Old fanaticism, modern weapons.(Post-Cold War Proliferation)(Interview) New Perspectives Quarterly v12, n3 (Summer, 1995):14. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: Fanaticism coupled with sophisticated weapons pose the greatest danger for the current generation. After the breakdown of communism, fundamentalism is the single biggest threat of the present time, with a potential following of 1.3 billion predominantly poor and illiterate Muslims throughout the world.

Gauch, Sarah. Terror on the Nile. (analysis of Islamic extremists' terroristic attacks) Africa Report v38, n3 (May-June, 1993):32. Abstract: The recent series of terrorist bombings, allegedly perpetrated by Islamic radicals, has adversely affected Egypt's tourist industry and has forced the Mubarak government to impose stricter anti-terrorist laws. An analysis of the rise of Islamic radicalism in Egypt is presented. It concludes that Islamic radicalism will continue to flourish in Egypt. However, the radicals' clandestine activities will not likely be enough to topple Pres Hosni Mubarak's government.

Girardon, Jacques. A veiled future for Algeria; fundamentalist power gives rise to uncertainty. (includes related article on expelling Western influence) World Press Review v37, n8 (August, 1990):32.

Glastris, Paul. A fundamental turn by the Bosporus; Turkey braces for a new pro-Islamic leadership. (Refah political party gaining power) U.S. News & World Report v120, n8 (Feb 26, 1996):51. Abstract: Turkey's pro-Islamic political party Refah could eventually form a new government, which does not bode well for the country's relations with the West. Refah's national leader, Necmettin Erbakan, has promised to oppose Zionism and imperialism and to form an 'Islamic NATO.'.

Government attacks rebels. (Sudan) (includes related articles) Facts on File v54, n2778 (Feb 24, 1994):131. Abstract: The military government in Sudan attacked the strongholds of the Sudanese Peoples's Liberation Army (SPLA) in Southern Sudan, forcing 100,000 refugees to flee to Uganda. The SPLA opposes the government's imposition of Islamic law in Southern Sudan.

Government cracks down on militants. (Egypt) (includes related articles) Facts on File v53, n2728 (March 11, 1993):169. Abstract: Egyptian police Mar 9-10, 1993, raided the homes of alleged Islamic militants. At least 19 people died during the raids, including 14 militants, 3 police officers and the wife and child of a militant.

Greer, Herb. Turkish journey. (Turkey's political scene) National Interest n34 (Winter, 1993):79. Abstract: The contemporary Turkish political scene is undergoing changes since the end of the Cold War. Islamic fundamentalism maintains a foothold in the countrysides, while democratic influences remain strong in the more urbanized areas. However, Ataturk's success in consolidating the Shiites with the Sunni is considered to have checked fundamentalist influence. The end of the Cold War has also weakened US-Turkey relations.

Grzymski, Stanislaw. Saviors or serpents? (new American-backed fundamentalist Afghan student militia)(reprinted from Independent Mar. 6, 1995) World Press Review v42, n5 (May, 1995):22. Abstract: The talibaan a fundamentalist student militia follows strict religious laws when dealing with lawbreakers and are burning all opium poppy fields in their territory. They may be supported by the US who disenchanted with Gulbuddin Hekmaytar, may want to replace him in Afghanistan.

Guhathakurta, Meghna. The cost of good intentions: a case study in Bangladesh. (reprinted from New Internationalist Dec. 1944)(The UN at 50)(Cover Story) World Press Review v42, n6 (June, 1995):18. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Since its inception, Bangladesh has relied heavily on foreign economic aid, much from the UN which accounts for 36.5%. This has bred a culture of dependency complete with aid workers with lavish lifestyles. Islamic fundamentalists, because women are drawn out, attack many aid projects.

Gumucio, J.C. A new dawn for Islam. (rise in Islamic fundamentalism) World Press Review v40, n6 (June, 1993):19. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism's popularity appears to be increasing worldwide. Iran and Sudan have some of the most politically active Muslims, and support for Islamic movements is also growing in Egypt, Lebanon, Kuwait, Afghanistan and the former Soviet republics of Central Asia.

Gup, Ted. "A man you could do business with." In Washington's eyes, Saddam was not always an enemy. In fact, three Presidents counted on him to keep Iran's brand of Islamic radicalism in check. (Persian Gulf war) Time v137, n10 (March 11, 1991):61.

Hadar, Leon T. What Green Peril? (fear of Islam) Foreign Affairs v72, n2 (Spring, 1993):27. Abstract: Domestic and foreign leaders erroneously believe that the US is threatened by radical Islam in the post-Cold War environment. The US can harm the long-term interests of both the Middle East and itself if it bases its foreign policy on this belief. Pres Bill Clinton should realize that Islam is not unified and that it is more of a religion than a strong political force. The US, which has supported the Muslim fundamentalist state of Saudi Arabia, should develop strong relations with Islamic governments and refuse to support autocratic rule in the Middle East.

Hadar, Leon. Islamic fundamentalism is not a threat to U.S. security. USA Today (Magazine) v122, n2582 (Nov, 1993):36. Abstract: There is a increasing concern, known as the Green Peril, about the threat of Islamic fundamentalism to western democracies. This is an exaggerated concern and is being used to ferment an anti-Arab foreign policy.

Hadi, Rabab. The feminist behind the spokeswoman - a candid talk with Hanan Ashrawi. (Interview) Ms. Magazine v2, n5 (March-April, 1992):14. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: Hanan Ashrawi epitomizes both Palestinian fight against Israeli occupation and women's struggle for equal rights. She expresses her concern with Islamic fundamentalism's threat against women, and demands more roles for women in the leadership of the Arab world.

Haghayeghi, Mehrdad. Islam and democratic politics in Central Asia. World Affairs v156, n4 (Spring, 1994):186. Abstract: Newly independent nations in Central Asia are attempting to form viable democratic governments but former-communist leaders are hindering the process by repressing Islamic-democratic organizations. The West is not opposing this repression because of fears of Islamic fundamentalism but it fails to recognize that Islam is not automatically anti-Western. By allowing the repression, Western nations are increasing the likelihood of combined democratic-Islamic organizations' failing while also increasing the chances of anti-Western Islamic fundamentalism developing.

Haghayeghi, Mehrdad. Politics and ideology in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Middle Eastern Studies v29, n1 (Jan, 1993):36. Abstract: The Iranian revolution of 1979 initiated the Islamization of the country, a process initially based on the charismatic leadership of the Ayatollah Khomeini. The principles of Islam have become embodied in the government institutions, educational system and mass media of Iran. The Council of Guardians makes policy and interprets the Constitution according to divine law. Educational curricula were radically altered to reflect Islamic imperatives, and many universities were closed. With the passing of Khomeini, Iran's clerical leaders face a crisis of legitimacy.

Haider, Gulzar. An 'Islamic future' without a name. (Islam and the Future) Futures v23, n3 (April, 1991):311. Abstract: In this allegory of the search for a name for his grandson, the writer envisions alternative themes of Islamic futures. In the conclusion of the quest, more fundamental insights into the nature of the future and our present relations to it are gleaned. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

Halliday, Fred. West is west but east is east. (Iran's foreign relations and its Islamic policies) New Statesman & Society v4, n179 (Nov 29, 1991):16. Abstract: Iran used its influence to free the Lebanese hostages to improve its relations with the West. Iran will continue to cling to its radical Islamic policies that give it influence in the Arab world.

Halter, Marek. In defense of Islam.(reprinted from The Jerusalem Report, June 29, 1995) World Press Review v42, n10 (Oct, 1995):21. Abstract: The West, no longer having communism to hate, now aims its animosity towards Islam, a resurging political world force. Instead of grouping all Muslims with the headline-grabbing fanatics and their crimes, support must be given to Muslim who are fighting the extremist element.

Hamas and Arafat. (Islamic resistance group increases violence in the Gaza Strip in an effort to influence Yasir Arafat) Economist v332, n7879 (Sept 3, 1994):45. Abstract: Israel estimates that Hamas has committed 49 terrorist attacks since May 1994, and some observers believe that the terrorism will continue until Arafat agrees to share power. Hamas was angered by Arafat's closure of a Jerusalem newspaper and the arrest of 20 Islamic extremists.

Hamas and friends. (Hamas Islamic Resistance Movement's international ties) Economist v331, n7860 (April 23, 1994):43. Abstract: Hamas bombings of civilian Israeli targets in retaliation for the Hebron massacre resulted in stern Israeli government warnings to Jordan. Hamas' ties to contributors and organizers in Jordan, Egypt, Iran, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia are analyzed.

Hammer, Joshua. Khartoum character: a visit with Sudan's despot (Hassan al-Turabi) (Interview) New Republic v210, n6 (Feb 7, 1994): 14. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: Turabi's National Islamic Front has made a shambles of Sudan's economy and society. He is a paranoid whose extremist Islamic state is becoming a barren, international pariah.

Has a new master: Afghanistan. (the rebel Islamic group taliban forced former prime minister Gulbuddin Hikmatyar to flee his headquarters in Charasyab) Economist v334, n7902 (Feb 18, 1995):32.

Heilbrunn, Jacob. Shimon Peres's neighborhood: the chimera of Middle East cooperation. New Republic v213, n2 (July 10, 1995):14. Pub Type: Biography. Abstract: Peres is a career politician whose past is littered with compromises. He clings to a conceited, romanticized view of Arab-Israeli peace, driven by economic cooperation. None of the events in Palestine since the signing of the peace treaty two years ago support such optimism.

Hermida, Alfred. Algeria: taking responsibility. (Current Affairs) Middle East n222 (April, 1993):17. Abstract: Algeria's government is finally conceding that the popularity of Islamic fundamentalism in the African nation is due more to pitiful socioeconomic conditions rather than religious fervor. The government has vowed to try to improve the country's economy, but is hampered by a huge foreign debt of $26 billion. A two-year crash austerity program, intended to conserve foreign currency by limiting imports, has been adopted by Algeria's prime minister.

Hermida, Alfred. The state and Islam. (North Africa)(includes related article) (Africa Report 40th Anniversary) Africa Report v39, n5 (Sept-Oct, 1994):55. Abstract: Muslim fundamentalism has replaced independence and nationalism as the strongest political force in Northern Africa. The governments that resulted from independence in the region successfully ended colonialism, but now face a Muslim uprising. Morocco and Tunisia have been trying to control the rise of political Islam. However, Algeria seems to be the most politically tenuous nation in the region since the fall of its government and the Islamic regime's rise to power.

Hesse, Reinhard. Egypt's intelligentsia fights back. (against Muslim terrorists)(reprinted from Die Woche, Oct. 28, 1994) World Press Review v42, n2 (Feb, 1995):50. Abstract: The assault on Nobel Prize-winning author Naguib Mahfouz by a Muslim terrorist alarmed the intellectual community in Egypt and prompted them to sign a declaration condemning terrorism. The incident was the latest in a series of attacks on writers and artists.

Hiro, Dilip. Fundamental reassessment. (Western views of Islamic fundamentalism) Times Educational Supplement n4019 (July 9, 1993):24. Abstract: The West is fearful of Islamic fundamentalism but favours it in certain circumstances. Islamic fundamentalism involves the application of Islamic ideology to society and state. This means that Saudi Arabia, regarded as an ally to the West, is the oldest fundamentalist country worldwide. Saudi Arabia is also a royal autocracy, whereas Iran, a new Islamic republic, is regarded as a threat to the West. Formerly, the US was attempting to overthrow the Iranian Islamic regime, while funding and training Islamic fundamentalists in neighbouring Afghanistan.

Hiro, Dilip. Facing two ways. (Kazakhstan protects Russian Federation from Islamic findamentalism) Middle East n234 (May, 1994):14. Abstract: Kazakhstan is proving to be an effective bridge between the Asian and Muslim regions. However, Kazakhstan's efforts to establish peace between the two regions are being threatened by the issue on Islamic fundamentalism. Kazakh Pres. Nursultan Nazarbayev denounces Islamic militancy and has aired his views against the hold of Islam over the Kazakhs. With the creation of a parliamentary government, Nazarbayev is focusing on establishing diplomatic relations with both sides of the country.

Holier than them: Malaysia. (Shia missionary group Al Arqam) Economist v332, n7873 (July 23, 1994):33. Abstract: Al Arqam is a Shia missionary group in Malaysia founded by Ashaari Muhammad in 1968. The United Malays National Organization claims the group is planning subversive activities to take over ruling of the country. The reaction to Al Arqam may be due to Islamic fundamentalism in the world.

Hottinger, Arnold. The real perils of Islamism: how a minority can prevail. (Cover Story) World Press Review v41, n5 (May, 1994):12. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: The fundamentalist doctrine of Islamism primarily seeks domestic political power by exploiting dissatisfaction and the desire for global recognition. The best way to fight it in the West is to treat Muslims fairly and to distinguish between Islam and fundamentalists.

Howeidy, Amira; Al-Nahhas, Mona; Anis, Mona. The persecution of Abu Zeid. (Nasr Hamed Abu Zeid, professor of Arabic literature at University of Cairo persecuted for his writings; includes an article on the legal aspects, and an interview)(reprinted from...) World Press Review v42, n10 (Oct, 1995):18. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: Abu Zeid's critiques of Islamic texts drew opposition to his promotion to professor and sparked a debate on the future of intellectual religious discourse. A court ordered him to divorce his wife since according to Sharia, Islamic law, he is an atheist and not permitted to marry a Muslim.

Howell, Llewellyn D. Islam as a political force. (Column) USA Today (Magazine) v120, n2564 (May, 1992):67. Pub Type: Column. Abstract: Islam is as much an ideology as a religion and it may replace communism as an international force, especially in developing countries. Islamic politics and economics are a threat to human rights because they cannot tolerate diversity.

Hubbell, Stephen. True belief's grim patience: rebellion in upper Egypt. Nation v255, n9 (Sept 28, 1992):320. Abstract: Most people believe that, if there is an revolt against the Hosni Mubarak government in Egypt, it will come from Asyut, the capital of Islamic fundamentalism in the country. The government has not helped its cause by its heavy-handed crushing of Islamic opposition.

Huliaras, Asteris C. Islam: promise or peril? World Today v51, n12 (Dec, 1995):242. Abstract: Islamism in the Horn of Africa represents no destabilizing danger, and in the right circumstances it promotes stability. Many Western pundits predict the rise of Islamic fundamentalism as the next great external threat, but this is primarily in reaction to the decline of communism and socialism. The main axis of social division in the Horn is ethnic rivalry, which does not coincide with religious differences. In those places where Islam already is the dominant religion and social order is failing, Islamic fundamentalism helps.

Hurd, Douglas. The speech of Douglas Hurd. (first speaker, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs) (Transcript) Asian Affairs v24, n2 (June, 1993):245. Pub Type: Transcript. Abstract: Douglas Hurd, CBE, MP and Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs fears the new wave of Islamic fundamentalism that is rising in Iran and other parts of Central Asia, and the ethnic fights among the central Asian republics which is creating chaos in the region. The Royal Society for Asian Affairs should grant aids to Asian countries such as Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia which need economic reform. Britain entrepreneurs should invest in Asian countries such as India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka and strengthen ties with them.

Hussain, Mushahid. Cold war against Islam. (West's negative attitude toward Islamic fundamentalism) (The 5th Column) (Column) Far Eastern Economic Review v155, n26 (July 2, 1992):22. Pub Type: Column. Abstract: The West has launched a 'Cold War' against the Muslim world in an effort to stem the divergent political views expressed by Islamic fundamentalists. With the demise of the communist threat, Islamic fundamentalism has emerged as the West's newest bogey. However, Islamic fundamentalism should not be seen as a threat but as a mere reassertion of international Islamic identity, sovereignty and a collective effort against an inequitable status quo.

Hyman, Anthony. Islamic bogeymen. (Middle East part 2) World Today v46, n8-9 (August-Sept, 1990):160.

Ibrahim, Anwar. The Ummah and tomorrow's world. (Koranic moral concept of how Muslims should relate to each other and the communities of the world) (Islam and the Future) Futures v23, n3 (April, 1991):302. Abstract: This article examines global sociocultural and civilizational futures in the context of changing global realities. Overly reductionist worldviews are being replaced by a recaptured awareness of complexity which can be found in non-western models. The 'three world' model was overly simplistic and has been rendered irrelevant: thinking about modernity now requires thinking about culture, cultural identity, and diversity of civilizational perspectives. The Islamic concept of Ummah provides such a framework for the Muslim community. Consideration of the notion of Ummah, its traditions and how it is viewed by Islamic fundamentalism, is made before arguing that a new, future Ummah will provide a distinctive pathway to change. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.)

If Islamists rule Algeria. Economist v334, n7903 (Feb 25, 1995):41. Abstract: Scholars argue that when Algeria becomes an Islamic state, it might be more repressive than other Islamic countries because of its lack of entities to control extreme Muslim groups. The leaders would have less control and the fundamentalists would take their place.

Inda, Jules. Behind the veil debate. (wearing of veils by Muslim women) Utne Reader n50 (March-April, 1992):23. Abstract: Renewed interest in the wearing of veils has been sparked by a resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism. However, the practice remains a matter of individual preference among Muslim women.

Into an ideological void. (Jordan's Islamic movement) Middle East n223 (May, 1993):7. Abstract: Jordanians are caught between selling out to the West and embracing the Islamic fundamentalism being espoused by the Muslim Brotherhood. Owing to the political skills of King Hussein, serious confrontation between political Islam and the state had largely been avoided. However, growing support for the Hamas movement in Israel's Occupied Territories has been furthering the cause of Islamic extremism.

Is this Islam? (Islamic fundamentalism) Economist v328, n7818 (July 3, 1993):40. Abstract: Secular intellectuals who live in countries where Islamic fundamentalism exists need to fear for their freedom and their lives. An Egyptian academic has been brought to court for his atheist views. In 1992, an Egyptian writer was murdered for his anti-Islamic views.

Islam and politics in Black Africa. (Africa Today: Crisis and Change) Dissent v39, n3 (Summer, 1992):408. Abstract: The character of Islam as being one of the dominant religion of Africa and the spillover of Middle East fundamentalism has fostered the significance of Islam beyond the limits of African domestic politics. However, the practice of African Islam in different states are uniquely diverse. This character is greatly affected by African Mysticism, the pressure of change and the relationship of the Arabs and Blacks. The avoidance of foreign influence is prescribed so that African Islam can become more constructive.

Islam on view in Algiers and Amman. (Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria and Jordan) Economist v320, n7713 (June 29, 1991):36.

Islam resumes its march. Economist v323, n7753 (April 4, 1992):47. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism is experiencing a revival in the Middle East and North Africa, as citizens have grown impatient with the failures of public leaders and other problems. Fundamentalists have experienced only limited success, as many Middle Eastern governments fight to keep them under control.

Islam's new Egyptian face. (Egypt's tighter control over Islamic extremists) Economist v338, n7951 (Feb 3, 1996):33. Abstract: The widespread fear produced by Islamic extremists in Egypt has been put to rest by that country's stricter policies. Egypt's success in controlling the extremists have attracted tourists back to the country and put intellectuals at ease. Other Middle Eastern countries have also begun to adopt similar policies.

Islamic extremists murder security chief. (Raouf Khayrat)(includes related news) (Brief Article) Facts on File v54, n2787 (April 28, 1994):310. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Islamic mediator: Sudan. Economist v329, n7841 (Dec 11, 1993):48. Abstract: Sudan hopes to become a negotiator between Middle Eastern and Northern African governments and Islamic fundamentalists. The Sudanese government hosted a conference for fundamentalists and government officials. Only a few government leaders showed up and the Arab Gulf states boycotted the event.

Islamic rebellion ends. (Pakistani rebel group Tehriq Nifaz Shariat-i-Mohammadi released hostages on Nov 8, 1994, after Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto agreed to some of their demands) (includes...) Facts on File v54, n2818 (Dec 1, 1994):905. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Israeli soldiers slain in Gaza. (Gaza Strip) (includes related articles) Facts on File v54, n2791 (May 26, 1994):374. Abstract: Two Israeli soldiers were killed in a drive-by shooting on May 20, 1994, at a border checkpoint in the northern part of the Gaza Strip. Two Islamic fundamentalist groups took credit for the attack. PLO leader Yasir Arafat condemned the killings.

It is now the year 1415. (comparative histories of Islamic to Christian countries) (A Survey of Islam) Economist v332, n7875 (August 6, 1994):I14. Abstract: The present day events in Muslim countries are similar to the Renaissance and Reformation in Europe during the Middle Ages. Religious and political reform, a return to simplicity, and influences from other countries are predominant in both periods.

Jayasankaran, S. Close encounter: Muslim leader denies violating religious law. Far Eastern Economic Review v158, n7 (Feb 16, 1995):20. Abstract: The deputy chief of the youth wing of Pas, Malaysia's opposition Islamic party, has been arrested for violation of religious law by committing khalwat, or close proximity, with a married woman. Mohamed Sabu's case will be heard of Feb 14 in Kota Baru's religious court. It will probably not hurt Pas significantly, but will complicate Mohamed's own campaign and help the ruling United Malays National Organization to defend its own rejection of religious, or sharia, laws. Mohamed claims he was set up.

Jelloun, Tahar Ben. The abdication of thought. (Islamic fundamentalism) UNESCO Courier (Dec, 1994):23. Abstract: Fundamentalism and totalitarianism limit the freedom of intellectuals. Islamic fundamentalism, for instance, is closed to dialogue and does not allow intellectuals to question Islamic doctrines and principles. However, such repression should not dishearten intellectuals in their search for truth.

Jenish, D'Arcy. Carnage in Cairo. (Egyptian Islamic extremists killed 18 Greek tourists on Apr 18, 1996; 17 others were injured)(Brief Article) Maclean's v109, n18 (April 29, 1996):40. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Jensen, Holger. The deadly Party of God: Hizbollah threatens the West. Maclean's v102, n33 (August 14, 1989):28.

Jewish sites bombed in Argentina, U.K.: Islamists suspected. (includes related articles) Facts on File v54, n2800 (July 28, 1994):527. Abstract: A seven-story building that housed several Jewish groups was destroyed by a car bomb in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on Jul 18, 1994, killing 96 people. Another car bombing targeted the Israeli embassy on Jul 26, 1994, in London, England. Muslim extremists are suspected in both bombings.

Kamaluddin, S. Fundamentalist wrath: feminist author falls foul of Islamic conservatives. (Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasreen) Far Eastern Economic Review v156, n43 (Oct 28, 1993):24. Abstract: Soldiers of Islam, a minor fundamentalist group active chiefly in northeastern Bangladesh, demanded on Sep 23, 1993 that feminist author Taslima Nasreen be put to death for blasphemy and conspiring against Islam. The Bangladeshi government was slow to investigate, clearly fearful of stirring up religious animosity in the Muslim-majority country. Nasreen's writings have angered some devout Muslims because she advocates women's rights and attacks the brutality of men toward women.

Kamaluddin, S. Slip of the lip: feminist author provokes fundamentalist death calls. (Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasreen and Islamic fundamentalists) Far Eastern Economic Review v157, n26 (June 30, 1994):25. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalist groups in Bangladesh have promised to give a total of $3,750 to anyone who kills Taslima Nasreen, a feminist writer who offended the fundamentalists by allegedly calling for revisions in the Koran. Nasreen's supposed remark was printed in Calcutta, India's The Statesman newspaper on May 10, 1994 and was later reprinted in Bangladeshi newspapers. Nasreen called the report a misquotation and said that she favored changing Islamic law, not the Koran, but this explanation did not mollify the fundamentalists. Government authorities urged that Nasreen be arrested.

Kamaluddin, S. Fundamental differences; orthodox groups cautiously critical. (Islam becomes state religion in Bangladesh) Far Eastern Economic Review v140, n25 (June 23, 1988):14.

Kamaluddin, S. Fundamental problem: religious right pushes for blasphemy law. (Bangladesh) Far Eastern Economic Review v157, n33 (August 18, 1994):23. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists are pressuring the Bangladeshi government to pass an anti-blasphemy law. The fundamentalists are particularly upset by supposed comments about the Koran made by feminist author Taslima Nasreen. The country's leading opposition party and the Left Democratic Front are not in favor of such a law, nor is it clear whether the ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party will proceed with such a law.

Kaplan, Robert D. Eaten from within. (Egypt) Atlantic Monthly v274, n5 (Nov, 1994):26. Abstract: Islamic extremism is a powerful force in Egypt, especially the outlawed Muslim Brotherhood. The government of Hosni Mubarak is failing to solve the country's economic and social problems, and Egypt may be close to crisis.

Kaplan, Robert D. Ground zero: Macedonia: the real battleground. New Republic v209, n5 (August 02, 1993):15. Abstract: The US must act to stop Serbian aggression from spilling over into Macedonia, which is a key Balkan Peninsula crossroads. Among the pressures for Serbian victory in Bosnia is the quiet desire of Islamic fundamentalists in the Middle East for a fresh way to demonize the US and Western Europe.

Kaplan, Robert D. A Bazaari's world: to understand Iran - and perhaps even the future of other parts of the Islamic world, one must understand a man like Mohsen Rafiqdoost.(head of Bonyad, the Foundation of the Oppreseed)(Interview) Atlantic Monthly v277, n3 (March, 1996):28. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: Rafiqdoost is arguably the second-most powerful person in Iran. He was the Revolutionary Guards' security chief, personally driving Ayatollah Khomeini home from Teheran airport in 1979. The Bonyad is actually a cartel of 1,200 companies spanning the nation, state within a state with clerical backing.

Kazancigil, Ali. Democracy in Muslim lands: Turkey in comparative perspective. (Democratic Transition in the East and the South) International Social Science Journal v43, n2 (May, 1991):343.

Kechichian, Joseph A. Islamic revivalism and change in Saudi Arabia: Juhayman al-'Utaybi's "letters" to the Saudi people. Muslim World v80, n1 (Jan, 1990):1.

Kepel, Gilles. Islamists versus the state in Egypt and Algeria.(The Quest for World Order) Daedalus v124, n3 (Summer, 1995):109. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists have effectively disrupted the governments in both Egypt and Algeria. The twin stimuli of economic disparities and a drive to Arabize the two countries complete with a return to the use of Arabic law, shari'a, is a common denominator. But differences in economic options give the Egyptian government a more stable environment. An overview of the activities of the Islamic fundamentalists since the 1950s in Egypt and Algeria is presented. The differences and similarities of the movements in each country is contrasted along with what the future may hold for the Islamists and their movements.

Kerr, David A. The challenge of Islamic fundamentalism for Christians. International Bulletin of Missionary Research v17, n4 (Oct, 1993):169. Abstract: Christians in western and Muslim-dominated Asian and African countries are concerned about the perceived political aspirations of Islamic fundamentalists. Media-encouraged stereotyped perceptions of an extreme monolithic religious group hinder dialogue between Christians and Muslims. However, events have revealed such fears to be exaggerated. Extremism is condemned by mainstream Muslims and national differences preclude a single fundamentalist belief.

Kokan, Jane. Letter from Rabat. (Islamic fundamentalism in Morocco) New Statesman & Society v7, n294 (March 18, 1994): 11. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists are active in Morocco despite government restrictions. The fundamentalists claim they are brutally oppressed but that their eventual victory is inevitable. Some predict a student revolt.

Kokan, Jane. Voiceless in Uzbekistan. (disillusioned Uzbeks find few alternatives) Index on Censorship v21, n5 (May, 1992):28. Abstract: Government efforts to derail the political development of a mass-base by the opposition movement, Birlik, and the only legal opposition party, Erk, open the way for Islam among the disillusioned in Uzbekistan. The Islamic Renaissance Party, though banned, boasts of a great increase in membership especially among the younger Uzbek population. The youth see the Islamic system as an alternative to the present outdated, unresponsive and incapable government system.

Konarovski, Mikhail. Legacy of Lenin's empire. (Russia's policy on Islam) (The 5th Column) (Column) Far Eastern Economic Review v155, n12 (March 26, 1992):14. Pub Type: Column. Abstract: Russia's foreign policy planners are concerned with the formulation of a regional strategy dealing with the Muslim countries along its southern borders. The spread of Muslim fundamentalism in these countries is causing concern in Russia and in the other republics of the Commonwealth of Independent States that are home to several million Muslims. Russia is also monitoring the various regional developments brought about by the political machinations of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Turkey.

Kramer, Martin. Islam vs. democracy. (future of Islamic fundamentalism) Commentary v95, n1 (Jan, 1993):35. Abstract: The end of Islamic fundamentalism is not inevitable. However, the movement could see its demise by 2000 if it is not helped by a misguided retaliation of the Carter Administration's policy toward Iran.

Kubba, Laith. Recognizing pluralism.((Islam and Liberal Democracy)(response to Bernard Lewis p. 52 and Robin Wright p. 64 in this issue)) Journal of Democracy v7, n2 (April, 1996):86. Abstract: Bernard Lewis and Robin Wright's articles give rise to a response that the relationship between Islam and liberal democracy hinges on the acceptance of pluralism as a means of effective governance. Traditional interpretations of the scriptures have hindered the prospects for liberal democracy in Muslim countries. Liberal Islamists have had marginal impact, and the political turmoil has led to a rise of fundamentalism, as in Iran. Politicized Islamic groups must rethink a system of political pluralism divorced from theological abstractions to make democratic governance a reality in the Islamic world.

Kuran, Timur. The discontents of Islamic economic mortality. American Economic Review v86, n2 (May, 1996):438. Abstract: Economists who criticize Islamic economics due to its alleged failure in improving economic productivity have not yet understood the real meaning of the subject. The goal of Islamic economics is not to improve economic performance but to control the infusion of Western economic concepts into the minds of Moslems. It also attempts to propagate the conflict between the 'Homo Economicus' and the 'Homo Islamicus' sectors of the Moslem community.

Kuznetsova, Vera. The Foreign Ministry's policy: between fatal inevitability and probability. (interview with Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Georgy Kunadze) (Moscow Responds to Tajik-Afghan Border Crisis) (Interview) Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press v45, n30 (August 25, 1993):11. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: The Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Georgy Kunadze, who was made responsible for maintaining Russia's ties with the Central Asian republics, declared that his government was committed to the prevention of the spread of Islamic extremism and fundamentalism into Russia. Kunadze feels that stability in the Central Asian region will contribute to economic growth and prosperity. He quoted the example of Tajikistan to prove how easily these republics can plunge into civil war.

Langellier, Jean-Pierre. The march of 'Islamism': the challenge of reclaiming Islam from extremists. (from Le Monde) World Press Review v36, n7 (July, 1989):30.

Langewiesche, William. The world in its extreme. (Sahara Desert) (Cover Story) Atlantic v268, n5 (Nov, 1991):105. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: The extreme heat and aridity of the Sahara Desert affect everyday life, economics, and travel for residents and visitors. Fundamentalist Islam is the dominant political factor. The Sahara is growing due to desertification in Mauritania and other areas.

Laver, Ross. Toward an Islamic state. (Pakistan) Maclean's v101, n3 (Jan 18, 1988):20.

Lawrence, Bruce B. Woman as subject/woman as symbol: Islamic Fundamentalism and the status of women. (Focus: Islamic Law and Ethics) Journal of Religious Ethics v22, n1 (Spring, 1994):163.

Lawrence, Bruce B. Religious fundamentalism: a bibliographic survey part 1: Islam - Khomeini and after. CHOICE v30, n6 (Feb, 1993):923. Abstract: A survey was conducted on the publications pertaining to religious fundamentalism specifically that of Islamic Iran. Literature on Islamic fundamentalism in Iran are few and do not provide enough material for omprehensive evaluation. Further studies on religious fundamentalism equire monitoring of fundamentalists after they successfully gain olitical power and global comparison of a specific form of fundamentalist protest with others.

Lawrence, Bruce. Critique of William Shepard: "Fundamentalism:" Christian and Islamic (Religion 1987, 17). Religion v19, n3 (July, 1989):275.

Layachi, Azzedine, and Haireche, Abdel-kader. National development and political protest: Islamists in the Maghreb Countries. (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) (Development in the Arab World.) Arab Studies Quarterly v14, n2-3 (Spring-Summer, 1992):69-92.
Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism in the Maghreb is spurred by a host of factors, both internal and external. Economic problems, unstable regimes, and cultural crisis led to its popularity within the three countries while the Iranian Islamic uprising, the fall of Communism and the Persian Gulf War also provided inspiration for the movement. Governments in the Maghreb may choose to suppress or recognize Islamist movements as legitimate political parties. Whatever choice they make, the fact remains that Islamic movements will continously shape Algerian, Moroccon and Tunisian histories.

Ledeen, Michael A. Bill Clinton's Iranian tutorial: a fundamental lesson on a fundamental problem. (analysis of the current political and economic crises in Iran; includes related articles) International Economy v7, n1 (Jan-Feb, 1993):28. Abstract: It may be only a matter of years before the tyrannical regime that is ruining Iran will be overthrown. The various mullahs and ayatollahs have succeeded only in undermining the worth of Iran's international credit. Its military could not stand up to Saddam Hussein, and there is increasing dissidence among the general populace. Bill Clinton needs to shape his foreign policy towards Iran in such a way as to encourage a greater role for the more moderate forces in the country. He also must commit the US to stopping the transfer of military high technology to enable the Iranians to develop weapons of mass destruction.

Lee, Jeffrey. Islam cements the bonds of resistance. (Hamas Islamic resistance movement) Middle East n224 (June, 1993):43. Abstract: The Islamic Resistance Movement, Hamas, is the leading Islamic fundamentalist movement in Palestine. The movement plays an active part in the fight against Israeli occupation and takes a leading role in the so-called Islamic Awakening that has led to a revival of interest in Islam among Palestinians. The success of Hamas can be credited to the funding it receives from other Islamic countries as well as to the dedication of Hamas members.

Lessons for Egypt. (Islamic violence) (Current Affairs) Middle East n233 (April, 1994):11. Abstract: Growing Islamic violence also confronts Egypt, like Algeria, as bombings, killings of foreigners and police and some assassination attempts grip the nation. However, unlike Algeria, the Egyptian government still exerts authority so there is no immediate possibility of losing its power over towns and rural areas. Its tradition of political pluralism plus its regime's image as a guarantor of stability and civil liberty also stands the country in good stead.

Levin, Bob. Embracing Islam: Salman Rushdie appeals his Iran-imposed death sentence. Maclean's v104, n1 (Jan 7, 1991):50.

Levin, Bob. God's new militants. (Islamic revolutionaries) Maclean's v101, n3 (Jan 18, 1988):16.

Levin, Kenneth. Nothing doing: the Arab logic against peace. New Republic v208, n21 (May 24, 1993):15. Abstract: The current peace talks will not lead to a binding peace in the Middle East. Most Arab nations have no real interest in diplomatic recognition of Israel's right to exist, due to the domestic political and religious conflicts such a concession would provoke.

Lewis, Bernard. The roots of Muslim rage: why so many Muslims deeply resent the West, and why their bitterness will not be easily mollified. (Cover Story) Atlantic v266, n3 (Sept, 1990):47. Pub Type: Cover Story.

Lewis, Bernard. The enemies of God. (assassins) New York Review of Books v40, n6 (March 25, 1993):30. Abstract: The enemies of God in the Muslim faith have many faces but the most insiduous of these are those who have the faces of men and who walk upon the earth. They are the whisperers and the traitors who put evil thoughts on the heart of other men. They are the most evil who deify kidnappers and assassins and whose gospel is that of hatred and bloodshed.

Lief, Louise. The battle for Egypt. (Islamic fundamentalists seek to control Egypt) U.S. News & World Report v115, n3 (July 19, 1993):42. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists want to overthrow the government of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak because they feel he is too secular. The fundamentalists led by religious leaders such as Abdel Rahman have attacked Western tourists and engaged in terrorism in order to cause unrest in Egypt.

Lief, Louise. Iran's familiar face: Tehran advertises a new pragmatism, but hard-liners are still a force. U.S. News & World Report v113, n20 (Nov 23, 1992):51. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism is increasingly shaping economic, social and cultural policies in Iran despite Pres Hashemi Rafsanjani's moderate and pragmatic efforts to end international isolation and rebuild Iran's economy.

Lief, Louise. Telling friend from foe. (terrorist bombing in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia on Nov 20, 1995)(includes a related article on the Committee for the Defense of Legitimate Rights in Saudi Arabia) U.S. News & World Report v119, n21 (Nov 27, 1995):43. Abstract: The recent bombing in Riyadh was particularly shocking because Americans were the target. It will be difficult to identify the bombers or the government responsible, because terrorism has been rare in West-friendly Saudi Arabia.

Living with Islam. (growth of Islamic fundamentalism) (Editorial) (Cover Story) Economist v323, n7753 (April 4, 1992):11. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Westerners and less strict adherents to Islam fear the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in countries in the Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa. While the threat of violence against non-Muslims is real, a jihad, or holy war is unlikely.

Living with Islam.(Cover Story) Economist v334, n7906 (March 18, 1995):13. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Many people in the West wrongly associate Islamic fundamentalism with terrorism. This negates the positive aspects and diversity of the Muslim faith. Western countries should develop better relations with Islamic countries by stressing the economic benefits of trade.

MacLeod, Scott. The paladin of Jihad: fearless and super-rich, Osama bin Laden finances Islamic extremism. Time v147, n19 (May 6, 1996):51. Abstract: Osama bin Laden is a key figure in the emerging Islamic movement that threatens to overturn the pro-Western monarchy of Saudi Arabia. He has a personal fortune of about $300 million and is suspected of funding Islamic terrorists.

Makinda, Samuel M. Iran, Sudan and Islam. World Today v49, n6 (June, 1993):108. Abstract: Sudan's improving relations with Iran are a source of concern to both the country's neighbors and the West. The country's Islamization had progressed to the point that all government decisions were being made according to Islamic law by the late 1980s. Iran's involvement arose due to the country's regional ambitions, particularly its interest in impacting the Middle Eastern peace negotiations and in promoting Islamic fundamentalism abroad. The fact that the Sudan and Iran belong to different Islamic traditions may impede a closer connection between them.

Malashenko, Aleksei. Who sentenced Islam Karimov? (Uzbek President's deal with Islamic fundamentalists) Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press v46, n29 (August 17, 1994):23. Abstract: Muslim fundamentalists' opposition to certain policies adopted by Uzbek President Karimov threatens the establishment of true democracy. Karimov's refusal to appease the Islamic opposition or Islamists would result in greater chaos as it might lead to terrorism. Religious tension caused by conflicting Muslim and Christian ideals and the political and economic crisis retard the process of democracy.

Malik, Habib C. Faith to faith: tough times for Christian Arabs. New Republic v203, n27 (Dec 31, 1990):16.

Man, Igor. The rifts in Egypt's 'village.' (rise in Islamic fundamentalism) World Press Review v40, n7 (July, 1993):32. Abstract: There has been a large increase in the number of Islamic fundamentalists in Egypt because poverty, repression and torture have persuaded many Egyptians that a new Holy War is necessary. The Islamic fundamentalists share a hatred for Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak because of his policies.

Marlow, Lara. Ballots, not bullets: hoping for an end to civil war, Algerians flock to vote. But will the poll make a difference? Time v146, n22 (Nov 27, 1995):74. Abstract: Incumbent Pres Liamine Zeroual won 61% of the vote in a seeming mandate to restore peace to the strife-torn country. Amazingly, voters were not cowed by threats from the Islamists and 75% of the people went to the polls. The ongoing civil war with the guerrillas, is discussed.

Marlowe, Lara. TV, Islamic extremist-style. (Lebanon) Time v145, n9 (March 6, 1995):29. Abstract: The Islamic extremist Party of God, also known as Hizballah, runs a television network in Lebanon called Lighthouse TV. When the network is not broadcasting anti-Israeli propaganda it runs a bizarre mix of old movies and occasional anti-American references.

Marlowe, Lara. Bloody days, savage nights: under official protection, journalists get a rare glimpse into a vicious war that pits Islamic violence against government repression, all waged in private. Time v145, n11 (March 20, 1995):48. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists began a battle against the Algerian government after their political party won initial elections in 1989, and further elections were cancelled. Terrorist rebels have increased their rate of bombing or shooting incidents, and citizens believe the government is corrupt.

Masland, Tom. Radical sheik: a cleric's violent message. (Omar Abel Rahman investigated for inciting violence among Islamic fundamentalists) (includes interview with Omar Abel Rahman) Newsweek v121, n11 (March 15, 1993):32. Abstract: Some investigators believe that Islamic fundamentalist Rahman incites his followers in Brooklyn, New York, and Jersey City, New Jersey, to violence, but they cannot prove it. Mohammed A. Salameh, who was arrested in connection with the Feb 26, 1993, World Trade Center Bombing, is one of his closest disciples.

Masland, Tom. The PLO: is it time to talk? The deportee fiasco may push Israel to reach out. (Palestine Liberation Army) Newsweek v121, n2 (Jan 11, 1993):44. Abstract: Israeli's expulsion of 415 suspected supporters of the radical fundamentalist movement, Hamas, could prompt Israel to begin to negotiate with the PLO. Compared to the Hamas, the PLO appears less menacing.

Mattoon, Scott. Egypt: a sense of foreboding. (includes related article) (Outlook 1993) Middle East n219 (Jan, 1993):36. Abstract: Egypt is currently suffering from a wave of religious fundamentalist violence which has caught Pres Hosni Mubarak's government off-guard. The tourist industry, one of Egypt's main sources of revenue, has been particularly hard-hit after terrorists began targetting foreign visitors. The government has tried to reassure tourists by increasing security but bookings have so far been slow.

Maurus, Veronique. Algerian 'gold mine.' (French businesspeople risk death but continue to do a lucrative export business with Algerian customers)(reprinted from Le Monde) World Press Review v43, n1 (Jan, 1996):23. Abstract: The Algerian Islamists threaten all who do business with the French and even the French government has warned its people of the danger of doing business with Algerians. But the monetary rewards are so vast that the French, using all kinds of secrecy devices, continue to export to Algeria.

McBeth, John. Ghosts of the past; is the army chasing communists or shadows? (Indonesia) Far Eastern Economic Review v159, n7 (Feb 15, 1996):23. Abstract: The Indonesian military routinely labels as leftist or communist any person or group it sees as a threat to social and political stability, but most of the current threats come from right-wing Islamic extremists. Many experts doubt even those could be a threat because they are so splintered, but others acknowledge the rise of religious sentiment in the countryside and say it is poorly channeled, creating opportunities for organized unrest. One persistent military concern is the resurgence of Negara Islam Indonesia.

McGuinn, Bradford R. Should we fear Islamic fundamentalists? USA Today (Magazine) v122, n2582 (Nov, 1993):34. Abstract: There needs to be concern about the expansion of terrorism by Islamic fundamentalists who want the US to minimize its support for Israel and secular nations' in the Middle East. The real concern is how the Islamic movement is able to exploit western democracy to is advantage.

Medgahed, Faika. Algeria: fundamental betrayals. (women are denied rights by the Islamic fundamentalist movement) (International News) Ms. Magazine v2, n5 (March-April, 1992):13. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists deny Algerian women of their rights and impose strict religious customs upon them. While Algerian women oppose the 1984 family code which has removed their rights, fundamentalists counter by blaming women for Algeria's economic and social problems.

Michaels, Marguerite. Is Sudan terrorism's new best friend? Time v142, n9 (August 30, 1993):30. Abstract: The US recently outlawed Sudan for allegedly promoting Islamic terrorism, although solid proof has yet to be found. The US announced the policy after reports that two Sudanese diplomats were involved in the World Trade Center bombing in New York, NY.

Michaels, Marguerite. Martyrs for the Sheik. (Omar Abdel Rahman) Time v142, n3 (July 19, 1993):42. Abstract: Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman awaits deportation in a New York State prison while Egypt is gleefully executing his followers for terrorist activities. Egypt is trying to eliminate the growing Islamic fundamentalist movement there, and hundreds are awaiting trial.

Militants warn foreigners to leave. (Islamic fundamentalists in Egypt) (includes related article) Facts on File v54, n2778 (Feb 24, 1994):130. Abstract: The radical Islamic fundamentalist group Gamaa al-Islamiya warned foreigners to leave Egypt or they would become the targets of terrorism. The Islamic Group, as it is also known, was seeking revenge for the Feb 1, 1994, raid on their headquarters that killed seven militants.

Military takes power, cancels vote. (Algeria) (includes related articles on Algeria) (Brief Article) Facts on File v52, n2669 (Jan 16, 1992):29. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Miller, Judith. Bloody Sheikh: Abdel Rahman's criminal past. New Republic v208, n13 (March 29, 1993):18. Pub Type: Biography. Abstract: Abel Rahman has been implicated in the World Trade Center bombing and the assassination of Anwar Sadat. His history of inciting Islamic political violence in Egypt, and his narrow acquittal in the Sadat matter are analyzed.

Miller, Judith. Faces of fundamentalism: Hassan al-Turabi and Muhammed Fadlallah. (Sudanese and Lebanese Islamic fundamentalist leaders) Foreign Affairs v73, n6 (Nov-Dec, 1994):123. Abstract: Various developments in Arab countries throughout the Middle East and Africa have shown setbacks for the Islamic fundamentalist movement of the 1990s. This is in sharp contrast to the major events that altered the direction of sovereignty in nations, such as Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and Algeria. Despite these setbacks, two countries, Sudan and Lebanon, offer extraordinary bases to respective Muslim leaders Hassan Abdallah al-Turabi and Muhammed Hussein Fadlallah. Their influence in far-reaching and substantial as millions of Arabs support their goal of creating Islamic governments in Arab countries. What is even more significant is that they support the growth of Islamic power through the political rather than terrorist process.

Minshull, Phil. A prize and a principle. (Algerian middle distance runner Hassiba Boulmerka) Middle East n216 (Oct, 1992):48. Abstract: Algeria's first ever Olympic gold medalist Hassiba Boulmerka has become a symbol of resistance to fundamentalist Muslims in her country. Fundamentalist Muslims criticized Boulmerka for running in just shorts and vest, which in their view is a sin against Islam. Boulmerka has defiantly stood up to the attacks hurled against her by the fundamentalists and is leading the fight for women's rights in Algeria. Thousands of her countrymen have expressed support for the gutsy Olympic champion.

Morgan, Susan; Martin, Patrick; Maclean, William. Three paths of the prophet: varied tactics of Islam on the march. (Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria, Egypt and Kuwait) (Cover Story) World Press Review v41, n5 (May, 1994):10. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists use varied means to pursue political power in different countries. Algeria and Egypt are mired in violence because rebel groups find traditional routes to power blocked. In Kuwait, a quieter approach is proving more successful.

Morganthau, Tom. The new terrorism: the FBI cracks a New York bomb plot. But America is now more vulnerable to attacks at home. Newsweek v122, n1 (July 5, 1993):18. Abstract: The FBI arrested eight members of a group of Muslim fundamentalists known as 'the Beta cell' in Jun 1993 for planning to bomb several major sites in New York City. The growing threat in the US to terrorist acts perpetrated by fanatic Muslim fundamentalists is explored.

Morris, Jack. Mass in a Sudanese refugee camp.(northern Uganda) America v173, n12 (Oct 21, 1995):8. Abstract: A Jesuit is amazed and strengthened by the spirtual fortitude of the worshipers, who have endured generations of displacement. Sudanese Christians are now being driven south by a ruthless Islamic fundamentalist army and a brutal civil war.

Morris, Nomi. Fighting words: a poet forced into hiding by Muslim extremists still speaks out for oppressed women. (Bangladesh activist Taslima Nasrin) Maclean's v108, n41 (Oct 9, 1995):44. Abstract: Nasrin, a physician and poet, lives in exile in Berlin, Germany, because a fatwa or death threat has been issued against her by Islamic leaders in Bangladesh. They object to Nasrin's depiction of violence against women and religious intolerance in her books.

Morris, Nomi. Horror in Kashmir: rebels in India behead a Norwegian tourist. (Hans Christian Ostro) Maclean's v108, n35 (August 28, 1995):28. Abstract: The Kashmir Islamic rebel group Al-Faran killed Ostro in Aug 1995, and left a note by his body threatening to murder the other four Western hikers being held by the group. Other Islamic resistance groups in Kashmir distanced themselves from Al-Faran's actions.

Mortimer, Edward. Between Allah and Ataturk. (Turkey faces crises on many fronts, reprinted from Financial Times Jan. 26, 1995)(Turkey reaches a crossroad) World Press Review v42, n7 (July, 1995):12. Abstract: Turkey's many crises are discussed. They include Kurdish separatism, rampant inflation, unemployment and a severe eroding of consumer buying power. In addition, the inability of the two conservative political party to meld secularism and Islam, retard resolutions of the other problems.

Mousavizadeh, Nader. Nemesis.(TRB - U.S. and Iran)(Column) New Republic v214, n23 (June 3, 1996):6. Pub Type: Column. Abstract: The Clinton Administration is unduly concerned with Iran as a regional and international threat. The US should instead engage Iranian moderates and reformers, whose influence diminishes with each US overreaction.

Munson, Henry, Jr. Morocco's fundamentalists. (Studies on North Africa, part 1) Government and Opposition v26, n3 (Summer, 1991):331.

Muzaffar, Chandra. Fundamentalist fallacy. (Algeria and Islamic fundamentalism) Far Eastern Economic Review v155, n16 (April 23, 1992):23. Abstract: The term 'Islamic fundamentalism' describing certain Islamic movements is a misnomer. Originally, fundamentalism referred to an attitude of strict adherence to orthodox, traditional principles. However, the US and its western allies applied fundamentalism with its odious connotation of backwardness to Islamic movements that were merely opposed to western domination. On the other hand, the ultra-conservative Saudi Arabian elite are never labeled as fundamentalist by the west because it is one of the closest allies of the US and Britain in the region.

Nadler, John. Religious role grows on Turkish TV. (Spotlight; MIPCOM 95) Variety v360, n10 (Oct 9, 1995):35. Abstract: Commercial Turkish television is only five years old and the non-religious stations capture the highest ratings. The religious networks are seen as growth areas especially for the rural market. Turkey is questioning its secularism politically, influenced by the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.

Nanji, Azim. Beyond fundamentalism: a critique of William Shepard '"Fundamentalism" Christian and Islamic' (Religion 1987, 17). Religion v19, n3 (July, 1989):281.

Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza. Religious modernism in the Arab world, India and Iran: the perils and prospects of a discourse. Muslim World v83, n1 (Jan, 1993):20. Abstract: Islamic modernism has been ineffectual in countering fundamentalism because it is based on inimical Western ideology. Muhammad Abduh's movement in Egypt and the Arab world, Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh movement in India and Shii modernism in Iraq, Iran and Lebanon have all attempted to integrate the basic principles of Islam with modernization. The rootless nature of Islamic modernism, its tendency to become politicized and provoke revivalist reactions have been the reasons for its failure. Modernism has given a language of discourse to revivalism even while seeking to counter it.

Neff, David. The forgotten Christians of the Middle East: leaders from Egypt, Lebanon, and Palestine speak about the church's mission in a troubled region.(Panel Discussion) Christianity Today v39, n11 (Oct 2, 1995):33. Pub Type: Panel Discussion. Abstract: Aggressive Islamic fundamentalism and evangelization, combined with Islamic resentment of the U.S. role in regional peace talks with Israel, make Christian life and evangelization increasingly difficult. Denominational aims need to be de-emphasized for best results.

Nelan, Bruce W. Bombs in the name of Allah. (Islamic terrorism directed at the Egyptian government) Time v142, n9 (August 30, 1993):28. Abstract: A secretive coalition of Islamic fundamentalist groups are resorting to bombings to shatter the government of Pres Hosni Mubarak. About 200 people have been killed by bombings since 1992, and the fundamentalists want to establish an Islamic, anti-Western government.

Nelan, Bruce W. The dark side of Islam. (terrorism) (Cover Story) Time v142, n14 (Oct 4, 1993):62. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Islam does not recognize any distinction between church and state, so zealots believe they have justification to use violence to promote fundamentalism anywhere in the world. Most terrorists come from a hopeless background and feel that secular government has failed them.

Newey, Adam. Flashpoint Karachi.(Islamic fundamentalism, Pakistan) Index on Censorship v24, n2 (March-April, 1995):166. Abstract: The prosection of two Pakistani Christians by Islamic fundamentalists shows that radicals have been increasingly using blasphemy laws to silence and intimidate dissent. Even the government of Benazir Bhutto has been violating human rights to intimidate opposition members of parliament, as it has arrested elected representatives and denied them entry to the National Assembly.

North Africa's big stick: Islamic militancy. Economist v324, n7768 (July 18, 1992):42. Abstract: Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt are seeking to curtail the political appeal of Islamic fundamentalist parties by repressive legal action. The most draconian measures are being carried out in Algeria, where Islamic Salvation Front leaders are being tried for conspiracy against the state.

Offensive launched against rebels. (Algeria)(includes related articles) Facts on File v55, n2836 (April 6, 1995):256. Abstract: Algerian officials confirmed on Mar 30, 1995, that the government has launched a major offensive against militant rebels such as the Armed Islamic Group. Reports on the number of militants killed range from 300 to 1,300. Several prominent journalists have been killed by the militants.

Ogutcu, Mehmet. Islam and the West: can Turkey bridge the gap? Futures v26, n8 (Oct, 1994):811. Abstract: Religion is on the rise across the world. Talk of a Christian-Muslim confrontation to replace the Cold War ideological cleavage is widespread. Misperceptions among Muslims and Christians reinforce confrontational rhetoric. The instant images of Islam as a monolithic, violent and aggressive religion do not help. The West needs to rethink its traditional views of Islam, starting with the recognition that there exist many different brands of Islam. The chronic instability of Muslim countries has many causes other than religion. Islamic fundamentalism coincides with high unemployment among the fast growing young populations of most Muslim countries. And Turkey, as the model of a European state which combines modern capitalism and secular democracy with a moderate brand of Islam, could find a credible role for itself as a bridge between the two religions and cultures. For an Islam ready to look to its future, not its past, Turkey is needed to demonstrate a viable model, particularly for the newly independent Turkic republics of the former Soviet Union. Only secular, genuine and strong democracies can survive the test of Muslim fundamentalism. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.

One-way road: Algeria. (political violence continues) Economist v338, n7953 (Feb 17, 1996):39. Abstract: Algeria's government continues to seek a military solution to the Islamic fundamentalists' ongoing campaign of violence, despite hopes that Pres Liamine Zeroual would seek a negotiated end to the crisis. On Feb 11, 1996, Algiers was rocked by two bombs linked to the Armed Islamic Group.

Ongov, Umar. Will Uzbekistan be an Islamic state? Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press v46, n24 (July 13, 1994):23. Abstract: There is a need to curb the rising Islamic fundamentalism in Uzbekistan, which is under a threat of becoming an Islamic state and will influence other countries of Central Asia to become Islamic. There is an increase in the number of religious educational institutions and Islamic fundamentalists increased their activities to get political powers. The government should take measures to curb the rising fanaticism.

Paklin, Nikolai. India strives to strengthen its positions in Central Asia. Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press v44, n40 (Nov 4, 1992):25. Abstract: India is making efforts to improve relations with Central Asian countries and combat the influence of Islamic fundamentalism in Central Asia. India feels the establishment of pro-Pakistan Islamic fundamentalist states in Central Asia will worsen the Kashmir problem and make Indian Muslims anti-Hindu. Indian Minister of State for External Affairs R.L. Bhatia will visit Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan and offer India's help in setting up a mixed economy, establishing joint ventures and training specialists.

Palestinians expelled amid Islam strife. (Libyan leader Muammer el-Qaddafi plans to deport 30,000 Palestinians working in Libya in protest of the Middle East peace process)(Brief Article) Facts on File v55, n2859 (Sept 14, 1995):680. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Paris, Jonathan S. When to worry in the Middle East. (threat from Islamic Fundamentalism) ORBIS v37, n4 (Fall, 1993):553. Abstract: The emergence of Islamic Fundamentalism in the Middle East means that establishing democracy in the region may not be in the best interests of the US. The ways the US could react to the rise of Islamic Fundamentalism include non-intervention or confrontation. The proponents of non-intervention claim that its rise is the result of the failure of existing governments in the region, by permitting moderate Islamists into the political system, the movement will be fragmented, that the population would react against the strict code of Islamic Fundamentalism and that its accession to power would be no threat to the West because it does not support technological innovation.

Pasquier, Sylvaine; Pautard, Andre. Algeria's search for identity. (French historian Benjamin Stora) (Interview) World Press Review v40, n8 (August, 1993):31. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: French historian Stora talks about the growing strength of the Islamic fundamentalist party Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) in Algeria. He talks about the support for FIS within the military and the general population, and explains how the current political situation developed.

Patterns of global terroism.(excerpt from 'Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994' released by the Office of Coordinator for Counterterrorism, April 1995) US Department of State Dispatch v6, n19 (May 8, 1995):395. Abstract: Listed are four prominent acts of international terrorism for 1994. They include death of 100 people in a bombing of the Jewish Center in Buenos Aires, skyjacking of an Air France Jet, attacks against tourists in Egypt and Turkey, 21 people dead with the bombing of a Panamanian Commercial jet.

Peres, Shimon. We must look for new answers. (Shimon Peres, Israeli Foriegn Minister) IPI Report v42, n5 (May, 1993):25. Abstract: Israel is ready for peace and is willing to withdraw from the Golan Heights, but would like security arrangements in the occupied territories defined more clearly by Syria before withdrawal. The Middle Eastern problem of fundamentalism as represented by the Hamas can be solved if the Arabs adopted democracy, as undemocratic systems are more expensive to maintain. Fundamentalism can be defeated by economic prosperity. A permanent solution to the West Asia problem can be solved by an alliance between Jordan and Palestine because a majority of the Jordanians originate from Palestine.

Peretz, Martin. Revelations. (Cambridge Diarist - Jimmy Carter; Francois Mitterrand, and other political commentary) (Column) New Republic v211, n16 (Oct 17, 1994):62. Pub Type: Column. Abstract: Carter's 1994 diplomatic forays underscore the feuds and ineptitudes of Warren Christopher and Anthony Lake. Both are likely to be fired, and should be. Mitterrand's deathbed 'confessions' of his Vichy government past amorally omit any remorse for the relocation of French Jews to Nazi camps.

Peretz, Martin. Smoke signals: Jordan - postcard. (Israeli-Jordanian peace process) New Republic v211, n22 (Nov 28, 1994):16. Pub Type: Biography. Abstract: The many practical economic benefits of the peace do not make it popular among Jordan's many Islamic fundamentalists and Palestinian radicals - even those who are affluent. A dinner with the Jordan's King Hussein, who takes emormous risks by peacemaking, and his family is also described.

Peretz, Martin. Gift to the world.(Cambridge Diarist - U.S. Arabs and the Oklahoma City federal building bombing)(Column) New Republic v212, n23 (June 5, 1995):47. Pub Type: Column. Abstract: Arabs were initially and unfairly suspected in the bombing, but Arab/Islamic terror does comprise a majority amount of global mayhem. The US is justified in cracking down on American fundraising sources of foreign terror.

Perlmutter, Amos; Kennedy, Moorhead. Does Islamic fundamentalism pose a threat to American society? (pro and con) (Muslims in America) CQ Researcher v3, n16 (April 30, 1993):377. Abstract: The hostility between Islamic fundamentalism and American interests can be seen as either an incidental and exceptional deviation from the more cordial norm or as a manifestation of an intractable enmity. The first opinion stresses the diversity and complexity of Islam and sees Muslims as spiritual non-violent people. The latter identifies Islamic fundamentalism as a movement of zealots determined to violently attack the blasphemy of Western life.

Petrossian, Vahe. A new Iranian revolution. (cultural) World Press Review v36, n2 (Feb, 1989):60.

Philippines: city of fear.(Manila - rampant crime, kidnapping, and Islamic fundamentalist activity may mar the Nov '96 Asia-Pacific summit)(Brief Article) Economist v338, n7947 (Jan 6, 1996):28. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Pipes, Daniel. Islam's intramural struggle. National Interest n35 (Spring, 1994):84. Abstract: The conflict between secularist and fundamentalist Muslims is exemplified by the increasingly antagonistic relations between fundamentalist Iran and secular Turkey. The Islamic Republic of Iran has successfully silenced dissension among its citizenry, while Turkey's Kemalist doctrine of laicism has been continuously supported by the Turkish population for more than four decades. Iran's terrorist activities pose a formidable threat to Turkey's security as Turkey's secularist society threatens to undermine fundametalism in Iran.

Pipes, Daniel. Same difference: the struggle against fundamentalist Islam has revived the divisions of the Cold War. (differences between liberal and conservative reactions to Islamic fundamentalism) (The Islamic Threat: Part 1) National Review v46, n21 (Nov 7, 1994):61. Abstract: Liberals tend to sidestep major issues and problems that have been created by Islamic radicals. Conservatives believe that these fundamentalists must be confronted in the same way that communists were stopped from undermining democracy and free market principles for economic development.

Pipes, Daniel. There are no moderates: dealing with fundamentalist Iran. National Interest n41 (Fall, 1995):48. Abstract: Fundamentalist Islam is an aggressive, utopian movement which is inherently anti-semitic, anti-western and anti-democratic. Fundamentalist Islam, which is more political than religious, considers all other political systems as inferior and it calls on all Muslim faithful to join in building a new society. For those fundamentalists, there is no middle ground and they openly advocate an extremist agenda. In dealing with fundamentalist regimes, there is a need to remember that fundamentalist Islam is not true Islam. Moreover, the West should act in a strong and decisive manner to erase fundamentalist misconceptions about the power and strength of the Western democracies. Several suggestions on how the US should deal with fundamentalist states are presnted.

Porteous, Tom. The Islamisation of modernity. Middle East n220 (Feb, 1993):19. Abstract: Islamic opposition parties are being harassed and banned by the governments of the Arab countries in the Maghreb region in North Africa. However, these parties are still the most effective voices of the opposition in their respective countries. These Islamic fundamentalist groups show strong faith in their ability to weather every setback that come their way. Already, the popularity of these groups are the reasons why they are being harassed by their governments.

Prison riot crushed, inmates killed. (Algeria)(includes related articles about rebel resistance in Algeria) Facts on File v55, n2830 (Feb 23, 1995):134. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists staged a revolt at the Serkadji prison in Algiers, Algeria, on Feb 22, 1995, that resulted in the deaths of at least 96 people. Algeria is reportedly on the brink of civil war, and several rebel and cultural leaders have been killed.

Radzievsky, Viktor. Moslem extremism. (Bashkortostan) (Eurasia) Moscow News v36, n3543 (Sept 6, 1992):5. Abstract: A number of power-seeking Moslem imams and extremists recently tried to unseat the head of Moslems in the European Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) and Siberia. Mufti Talgat Tajuddin was away on an official trip when 12 imams voted for the election of a new mufti. The imams charged that Mufti Talgat Tajuddin had lost his sanity and had fled to Turkey with $200,000. Mufti Talgat Tajuddin returned undaunted to face his detractors. The conflict started when the Mufti placed a cross inside a mosque in Naberezhnye Chelny.

Rashid, Ahmed. Point of conflict: Russia and Islamic militants in Tajik proxy way. Far Eastern Economic Review v156, n22 (June 3, 1993):24. Abstract: Russia is supporting the Tajikistan's pro-communist government in its fight against Islamic fundamentalists who depend on aid from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran and other Muslim countries. Tajikistan's civil war, which began in mid-1991, worsened after the pro-communist government overthrew a coalition government of Islamic fundamentalists and pro-democracy groups in Dec 1992. Russia is aiding Pres Imam Ali Rakhmanov's Tajik government to prevent Islamic radicalism from endangering Russian security.

Rashid, Ahmed. The Islamic factor. (Uzbekistan) World Press Review v40, n3 (March, 1993):45. Abstract: The Wahhabi sect is recruiting followers among the young Muslims of the Fergana Valley of Uzbekistan and plans to overthrow the communist government in the first step of a fundamentalist revolution in Central Asia. The movement is aided by the area's economic problems.

Rashid, Ahmed. Fundamental differences: Islamic militants threaten crusade against Bhutto. (Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan) Far Eastern Economic Review v158, n49 (Dec 7, 1995):36. Abstract: Fundamentalist militants in Pakistan came to international attention with their destruction of the Egyptian embassy on Nov 19 but their power within the country has stirred concern for months. More than 1000 Arab terrorists who fought Soviet troops in Afghanistan still linger in Pakistan, sheltered by local Islamic groups. Now the Islamic political parties are joining forces to drag down President Benazir Bhutto as they did her father, and the army suffers from a surge of fundamentalism in its own ranks.

Rashid, Ahmed. Caught in a cleft: economic, religious pressures threaten Uzbekistan. (Islamic fundamentalism by Wahabbis) Far Eastern Economic Review v155, n46 (Nov 19, 1992):23. Abstract: Uzbekistan's Ferghana valley is faced with the challenge of rising Islamic fundamentalism initiated by the militant Wahabbi sect. The Wahabbi Muslims, who belong to the Sunni Islamic sect, have seized land in Uzbekistan to set up mosques and madrasahs, or religious schools, with aid from the Ahle Sunnah movement supported by Saudi Arabia. Although liberal religious heads and political leaders have condemned the Wahabbis' move to spread orthodox Islam, young Uzbeks have been forced to pursue Wahabbism due to rising costs and unemployment in Uzbekistan.

Rashid, Ahmed. With God on their side: militant Wahabbi Muslims display their strength. (spread of religious militancy in Uzbekistan) Far Eastern Economic Review v155, n46 (Nov 19, 1992):24. Abstract: The growing militancy of Wahabbis in Uzbekistan has resulted in the spread of orthodox Islamic practices among young Uzbeks. The Wahabbis, who are building mosques and madrasahs, or religious schools, to propagate the tenets of Islam in the Ferghana valley, are funded by the Ahle Sunnah movement in coalition with Saudi Arabia. Although Uzbekistan Pres Karimov Islam along with the mullahs, or religious leaders, have condemned the Wahabbis, Uzbek youngsters not only frequent Wahabbi mosques, but many newly converted Uzbek women have adopted the white veiled costumes of the Wahabbis.

Rashid, Ahmed. Forced to flee. (civil war and religious persecution causes mass migration from Tajikistan) Far Eastern Economic Review v155, n45 (Nov 12, 1992):24. Abstract: Ethnic and religious persecution by Islamic fundamentalists is causing the mass migration of Asian and European communities in CIS countries of Central Asia, particularly from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kirgyztan. Islamic fanatics are fighting a bloody civil war against communists after the collapse of communism. The stability of many Central Asian republics is being threatened by the ethnic tyranny and economic hardships.

Rashid, Ahmed. The new beachhead in Islam's holy war: a radical revival in Asia and the Mideast.(reprinted from Far Eastern Economic Review Mar. 9, 1995) World Press Review v42, n5 (May, 1995):21. Abstract: The rise in Islamic radicalism in Asia is notable, especially in Pakistan. The arrest and extradition of a suspect in the World Trade Center bombing, with the government's blessings, has further incensed Pakistanis. Within Islam itself, secular fighting has also claimed lives.

Rashid, Ahmed. Back with a vengeance: proxy war in Afghanistan. World Today v52, n3 (March, 1996):60. Abstract: Outside powers have intervened in Afghanistan's four-year civil war because the war's outcome is likely to influence regional politics as well as Islamic fundamentalism's spread in the Middle East Central Asia and India. Iran, Russia and India back President Burhanuddin Rabbani because of a fear of Islamic fundamentalism's spread, while Pakistan and some Arab Gulf states back the Islamic fundamentalist Taliban movement. The US has not exerted pressure on these countries through the UN Security Council to stop interference, dismaying the Afghan public and the UN mediator. The civil war is likely to continue.

Rashid, Ahmed. Schools for soldiers: Islamic schools mix religion and politics.(Islam)(Cover Story) Far Eastern Economic Review v158, n10 (March 9, 1995):25. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Fundamentalist Islamic schools called madrassas have proliferated in Pakistan, to the frustration of the present govt. The schools flourished under the dictatorship of Gen Zia-ul Haq, and some 2500 of them around the country teach the state curriculum as well as religious doctrine and, sometimes, weapons use. They are often superior to state-run schools, with smaller classes and more services for the disabled. They typically have strong support from the local community.

Rashid, Ahmed. March of the militants. (Islamic fundamentalism)(Cover Story) Far Eastern Economic Review v158, n10 (March 9, 1995):18. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists are raising the fears of govts throughout Asia and in Europe and the US, but especially in Pakistan. Recent events include apparent links between groups in different countries, conflict between Sunni and Shia Muslim groups, the arrest of a terrorist now on trial in NYC, and Christians tried, convicted, and sentenced to death for religious violations. In Pakistan, upset with the govt is fueling fundamentalist anger and the rise of a potent Taliban movement.

Rashid, Ahmed. A new proxy war: foreign powers again feeding arms to factions.(in Afghanistan) Far Eastern Economic Review v159, n5 (Feb 1, 1996):20. Abstract: Foreign countries are supplying military aid to opposing groups in Afghanistan who are preparing for a war that may affect the spread of Islamic fundamentalism. Iran, Russia, India, and Tajikistan are supporting President Burhanuddin Rabbani, while Pakistan, Uzbekistan, and various Arab countries are supporting the Islamic fundamentalist militia Taliban. Iran may have received American-made missiles in return for support. Support has come in the form of arms, aircraft parts, currency, and communication networks.

Rashid, Ahmed. The great divide: Shias and Sunnis battle it out in Pakistan.(Islam)(Cover Story) Far Eastern Economic Review v158, n10 (March 9, 1995):24. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Violent conflict between Sunni and Shia Muslims has spread with a vengeance to Karachi and the rest of Pakistan's Sindh province from the Punjab province. The govt has been slow to act, and the edicts it enacted in mid-February are unlikely to be effective unless it involves the military, an unlikely and highly political move. Drug money and weapons from the Middle East and Afghanistan draw much of the blame for the sectarian strife, as do the policies of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's predecessor, General Zia.

Reed, Stanley. The battle for Egypt. Foreign Affairs v72, n4 (Sept-Oct, 1993):94. Abstract: Fundamentalist Egyptian militants, known as Islamic Group, seek to topple the regime of Pres Hosni Mubarak, who favors increasing ties to the West. Terrorist attacks on pro-Western citizens by militants and retaliatory massexecutions by the government have made the situation increasingly violent and frightening. Mubarak is faced with the daunting task of improving the economy if he is to stave off the threat of a power play by his rivals, who favor a sharia form of Islamic government. The US has given Egypt almost $35 billion in economic aid since 1975.

Roberts, Hugh. Meddling while Algeria burns. (French interference in Algerian affairs) Index on Censorship v23, n4-5 (Sept-Oct, 1994):154. Abstract: Readmittance of Islamic parties to the political process in Algeria may help restore order in the country. French support to the Algerian government in its repression against the Islamists has intensified the conflict between the rebels and the government. Contrary to the image of the Islamists presented by the French media, most Islamists hold moderate views and believe in constitutional process and dialogue, but were forced to resort to arms to confront a corrupt and oppressive government apathetic to popular aspirations.

Rodan, Steve. Egypt's terrorist breeding ground.(reprinted from The Jerusalem Post Feb 10, 1995) World Press Review v42, n5 (May, 1995):23. Abstract: Young people have little to look forward to in Egypt as its economic situation declines. This is linked to the increase in Islamic fundamentalism and acts of terrorism. The police have been given great power and the government works with other nations to attempt to stop incoming arms.

Rodman, Peter W. Islam and democracy. (spread of Islamic fundamentalism as a substitute for pan-Arab movements) National Review v44, n9 (May 11, 1992):28. Abstract: The demise of international communism is somewhat countered by the growing influence of Islamic political forces in developing countries. These trends may reflect a continuing anti-western resentment which seeks to undermine US influence in foreign affairs. The required US response to this is examined.

Rossant, John. Are the sands about to shift under Saudi Arabia? (Westernization and Islamic extremism) Business Week n3305 (Feb 15, 1993):50. Abstract: The Saudi Arabian economy is growing at an annual rate of almost 6%. However, the country's stability is threatened by political uncertainty and an increase in religious fundamentalist activity.

Rossant, John. A princely power struggle could shake the House of Saud.(succession in Saudi Arabia) Business Week n3456 (Dec 25, 1995):56. Abstract: The founder of Saudi Arabia, Abdulaziz, had 45 sons which means a continual scramble for succession. The present strugglers vying to be King Fahd's heir, are Crown Prince Abdullah and Min of Defense Sultan. The effects of the infighting on the US, and the role of the fundamentalists are discussed.

Rothchild, Daniel. How Hamas works. (opinions of Major General Rotchild, the Coordinator of Israeli Government Activities in the Territories) IPI Report v42, n5 (May, 1993):22. Abstract: Major General Daniel Rothchild, Coordinator of Israeli Government Activities in the Territories believes that the political problem in the Middle East is due to Islamic fundamentalism, a movement which aims to create a single Islamic republic from the Red Sea to the River Jordan. The movement aims to fight the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and be recognized by the world as the sole representative of the Palestinians. The Islamic brotherhood is presently fighting religious wars or 'jihad' in Jordan, Egypt and Lebanon against the governments.

Rowland, Jacky. Tunisia: 'more repressive than ever.'. Africa Report v37, n5 (Sept-Oct, 1992):50. Abstract: The Tunisian government has accused 300 members and supporters of the outlawed Islamic group, Ennahda, of several crimes. This legal measure is supposed to weaken the influence of Islamic fundamentalists in the country. The defendants have disavowed any intention to seize political power and claimed that they were tortured into confessing. US-based human rights entities have demanded for the suspension of the trials which were allegedly irregular and unfair.

Rushdie, Salman. A clash of faiths. (Salman Rushdie's response) Maclean's v102, n9 (Feb 27, 1989):24.

Ruthven, Malise. New Jerusalems: Reflections on Islam, Fundamentalism and the Rushdie Affair. (book reviews) Times Literary Supplement n4715 (August 13, 1993):9. Pub Type: Review.

Ryan, Patrick J. Is dialogue possible with Muslims? America v171, n20 (Dec 31, 1994):13. Abstract: An American Jesuit who studies Islam at the Univ of Cape Coast in Ghana often tries to convince Christians that Muslims are understandable and approachable. Respect for Islamic traditions and practices, especially their mystical and Scriptural commonalities, is a good ecumenical starting point.

Sackur, Stephen. Letter from Tehran. (reaction against Islamic revolution in Iran) New Statesman & Society v6, n259 (July 02, 1993):11. Abstract: Iranian teenagers are more interested in Western culture than in politics or the Islamic revolution. The middle class is allowed some freedoms, but corruption and hypocrisy could backfire against Hashemi Rafsanjani's government.

Sadowski, Yahya M. Bosnia's Muslims? A fundamentalist threat? Brookings Review v13, n1 (Wntr, 1995):10. Abstract: A majority of Western analysts rarely distinguish between muslim political movements. This is evident in the handling of the Bosnian conflict among journalists As a rule, Westerners label all Muslim ideologies under the term 'fundamentalism.' Such line of thought has happened before during the time Americans feared Chinese expansion in the 1970s. It would be best that Western analysts do away with simplistic slogans and try to discriminate among various ethnic movements.

Saikal, Amin. The West and post-Khomeini Iran. World Today v49, n10 (Oct, 1993):197. Abstract: Lumping all Islamic countries under the rubric of Islamic fundamentalism amounts to a simplistic portrayal of a large and diverse region. Islamic movements which have gained popularity since the 1970s had indigenous roots and responded to different national conditions. A number of Islamic movements have evolved. Iran realizes it exists in a pluralist Moslem world and its economic problems are too great to allow a push for paramountcy in the region. Thus, fears that Islamic movements form a regional front in opposition to the West are simplistic and unwarranted.

Salt, Jeremy. Nationalism and the rise of Muslim sentiment in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies v31, n1 (Jan, 1995):13. Abstract: The perceived failure of secular governments and the social and economic turmoil they have occasioned have encouraged the growth of fundamentalist movements throughout the Middle East. While Muslim sentiment has a weaker grip on the culture and national identity of Turkey than in Arab regions, the distinctly secular character of the state there, and its embrace of Western ideals, have not helped and sometimes hurt disenfranchised sectors of society.

Sammut, Dennis. Libya and the Islamic challenge. World Today v50, n10 (Oct, 1994):198. Abstract: Colonel Qaddafi appears to have prevented Islamic fundamentalists from disrupting Libyan society by cloaking his revolution in religious terms and by acting decisively against would-be insurgents. The Senussia Order and the urban Islamists, whose members traditionally included elite members of Libyan society, were brought under control fairly easily. Certain fundamentalist groups were eradicated completely early in the revolution. The homogeneity of Libyan society has also neutralized some of the power of the Islamic fundamentalists.

Schwarz, Adam. Charismatic enigma. (Indonesian Muslim leader, Abdur-Rahman Wahid) Far Eastern Economic Review v155, n45 (Nov 12, 1992):34. Abstract: Abdur-Rahman Wahid is leading an intellectual movement to maintain democracy in Indonesia and control the rise of a purely Islamic nation. Wahid is the leader of the Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), the biggest Muslim organization in Indonesia. Though Wahid is pro-democracy, he has been dubbed a Zionist, Christian and traitor for his efforts in promoting non-Islamic culture and politics.

Sebag-Montefiore, Simon. Turkish bath: Baku - postcard. (Baku, Azerbaijan) New Republic v206, n23 (June 8, 1992):13. Abstract: Baku is the capital of the new independent Islamic republic of Azerbaijan. Because of its history of Western domination of its oil resources in the early 1900's and Soviet religious persecution, its war against Armenia has an intensely virulent religious fervor.

Shades of extremism. (Algeria) (Editorial) Economist v332, n7876 (August 13, 1994):14. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: Algeria's response to the outlawed Islamic fundamentalists' campaign of political violence against foreign civilians has been to crack down against the fundamentalists, but France wants an even tougher policy. The US and others hope that a negotiated political solution can be found.

Shapiro, Laura. Escape from fanaticism. (Bengladeshi feminist Taslima Nasrin) Newsweek v124, n7 (August 15, 1994):66. Pub Type: Biography. Abstract: Muslim fundamentalists have pressured Bangladesh's secular government into indicting Nasrin for 'insulting Islam' in her latest novel, 'Lajja.' She is a notorious and outspoken feminist in her homeland, but her case has not provoked the same international outrage as Salman Rushdie's.

Shchumilin, Alexander. Middle east: a new divide. Moscow News n40 (Oct 1, 1993):4. Abstract: The agreement signed between the Arab countries and Israel has resolved many of their differences, but Islamic terrorism in the Arab countries has increased. Terrorist organizations such as Hamas, Hezbollah and Jihad are fundamentalists and are against the broad-minded and moderate Arabs. The life of Yasser Arafat, leader of the PLO, has been threatened by these terrorist organizations.

Sheler, Jeffery L. Scouring the Koran for fighting words: Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman's violent vision. (Muslim leader linked to World Trade Center bombing) U.S. News & World Report v115, n7 (August 16, 1993):52. Pub Type: Biography. Abstract: Abdel-Rahman is viewed by his followers as a wise leader who wants to fight corruption in his native Egypt and impose Islamic law. His critics charge that the cleric distorts the teachings of the Koran to justify the use of violence to achieve his own political goals.

Shepard, William. Response to the critiques of '"Fundamentalism" Christian and Islamic' by Bruce Lawrence and Azim Nanji. (this issue) Religion v19, n3 (July, 1989):285.

Sherman, Alfred. A new Algerian war? World Today v48, n3 (March, 1992):37. Abstract: The Algerian government is being challenged by a popular Islamic fundamentalist movement, the Front Islamique du Salut. This turn of events mirrors the Algerian revolt against the French in the 1950s, led by the the Front de la Liberation Nationale (FLN), which is still in power. This time, the FLN is the elite group with everything to lose, and international opinion on both sides of the issue is, once again, misinformed and emotional.

Shields, Todd. The battle of Algeria; a wary world watches as Muslim radicals take aim at a strategic Arab nation - and the West. (Islamic fundamentalists) U.S. News & World Report v117, n8 (August 22, 1994):44. Abstract: Algeria's one-party socialist government is countering a rise in the popularity and influence of Islamic fundamentalism with mass arrests and special courts that impose death penalties. US official recommends that the government negotiate with the fundamentalists.

Shields, Todd; Chesnoff, Richard Z. Maestros of mayhem: Sudan's colonels and clerics wage war on their own people and the West. (includes related article) U.S. News & World Report v115, n9 (August 30, 1993):43. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists in Sudan have joined together in an attempt to control the country. The civil war, caused by religious tensions between Islamics in the north and Christians and traditionalists in the south, has killed more than 800,000 people and is not expected to be resolved soon.

Shirley, Edward G. Is Iran's present Algeria's future? (Fundamentalism in Power) Foreign Affairs v74, n3 (May-June, 1995):28. Abstract: Negotiations with Algeria's radical Islamic sect will be doomed to failure, as their fundamentalist outlook is very similar to that of the Iranian radicals under Ayatollah Khomeini. The idea that the US should seek to balance the radical strain in Algerian politics by supporting a moderate faction is therefore naive. Experience with Iran should show that fundamentalism is radical by nature. The US government would best serve itself and the peoples of the region by waiting for the movement to fade.

Shooting or voting for Islam. (dealing with militants in Algeria, Egypt and Jordan) Economist v328, n7826 (August 28, 1993):39. Abstract: Arab countries are trying different ways to handle Islamic militants with little success. Algeria has opted for total repression, Jordan has incorporated fundamentalists into the democratic process almost too well and Egypt is trying a combination of democracy and crackdown.

Shumilin, Alexander. Russian victims of the Algerian war. (Algerian Islamic fundamentalists' ruthless killing of foreigners) Moscow News n44 (Oct 29, 1993):5. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists is Algeria rose to power with the legitimization of the Islamic Salvation Front, whose party leaders are intent on establishing an Islamic republican rule and aim to thwart the country's quest for democracy. This fundamentalist party is responsible for the tension and civil unrest in the region that has discouraged foreign enterprises from investing in Algeria.

Silent revolution: Saudi Arabia. (improving role of women) Economist v334, n7900 (Feb 4, 1995):39. Abstract: Women in Saudi Arabia may soon gain power and control over their place in society. Economic conditions are worsening, and women may soon have to work if they are not already working. Women are a potent economic force in the country despite Islamic fundamental beliefs that call for segregation.

Simon, Catherine. Algeria's unsuccessful dirty war. (government's management of Islamic fundamentalists) (Regional Report: Africa) World Press Review v41, n2 (Feb, 1994):33. Abstract: Algeria's efforts to combat Islamic fundamentalist terrorism appear to be backfiring. Militants are arrested, often tortured and confined with other fundamentalists, which breeds greater resistance. Both the government and the fundamentalists are using brutal tactics to silence critics.

Singer, Daniel. Western front. (Islamic fundamentalism spreads) (editorial) Nation v251, n2 (July 9, 1990):57. Pub Type: Editorial.

Smolowe, Jill. A prelude to civil war? (Algeria military coup) Time v139, n4 (Jan 27, 1992):30. Abstract: The military takeover of the Algerian government may erupt into civil war between supporters of the military, supporter of democracy, and Islamic fundamentalists. The military's hold on the government may not withstand the powerful political parties.

Smolowe, Jill. The sheik from Jersey City. (Egyptian fundamentalist Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman) Time v141, n7 (Feb 15, 1993):38. Abstract: Sheik Omar Abdel-Rahman, an Egyptian clergyman bitterly opposed to Hosni Mubarak's secularism, maintains a residence in Jersey City, NJ. Sheik Omar's legal status in the US is unclear, since a court ruling on alleged immigration law violations is pending.

Soldiers in search of a war. (Afghanistan war veterans) Economist v327, n7814 (June 5, 1993):43. Abstract: Veterans who left their own countries to help the Afghans drive out the Soviet Union may bringing revolution to their home countries. Secular governments in Middle Eastern countries feel that many of these veterans have returned to their home countries to lead fundamentalist uprisings.

Something new out of Africa. (violence in Northern Africa) Economist v332, n7872 (July 16, 1994):41. Abstract: The European Union sees the violence in Maghreb, which is Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, as damaging to it. Unstable conditions there could lead to many immigrants coming to Europe, and the Islamic fundamentalism there could creep into Europe.

Spitting fire: Egypt and Sudan.(mutual anger over attempted assassination of Pres. Hosni Mubarak) Economist v336, n7921 (July 1, 1995):32. Abstract: The attempt on Mubarak life in Ethiopia has fueled his vigorous condemnation of Sudan as a supporter of Islamic terrorism. Mubarak calls for a global crackdown on Muslim extremists. A system for choosing a successor to Mubarak in the event of his death, is also discussed.

Steam from the mosque: Islamic militancy cannot be extinguished as Algeria an d Egypt are trying to do. (Editorial) Economist v329, n7836 (Nov 6, 1993):15. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: Direct repression of fundamentalism has led to thousands of arrests and deaths in Algeria, and Egypt is suffering the same violent backlash. Jordan, meanwhile is having a relatively free multiparty election Nov 8, 1993 which includes Islamic parties.

Still Islam, not Waslam: Ayatollah Khomeini's revolution has lost much of its appeal, but fundamentalism is not finished. (editorial) Economist v310, n7589 (Feb 11, 1989):13. Pub Type: Editorial.

Stokes, Bruce. Algeria's ill winds are roiling the Seine. (Letter from France) National Journal v26, n34-35 (August 20, 1994):1978. Abstract: The French are concerned about Islamic fundamentalism in Algeria. The country was formerly of the French empire, and France now supports its military government. That government is strongly opposed by fundamentalists, and they are developing sufficient power to gain control. That takeover raises two worries in France. An upsurge of Algerian immigration to France is feared, with resultant social strains and popular reaction. There is also fear of an increase in social repression in Algeria.

Strokan, Sergei. Yasser Arafat in search of support. Moscow News n40 (Oct 1, 1993):4. Abstract: Yasser Arafat, the PLO leader, needs support from other countries to fight against Arab extremists after the Palestine-Israel peace agreement, signed in Washington. The US, Russia, China, Europe and Arab countries favor the treaty, though Iran and the Islamic fundamentalists are against it. Syria is also skeptical of the accord.

Suspected militants slay E. Europeans. (Algeria) Facts on File v54, n2798 (July 14, 1994):499. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists are thought to be responsible for the deaths of five foreign engineers who were shot at a roadblock in Algeria on Jul 11, 1994. The deaths of 51 foreigners since Sep 1993, have been attributed to the Armed Islamic Group.

Swidler, Leonard. Religion-state union: third-class societies. America v167, n3 (August 1, 1992):52. Abstract: The Islamic fundamentalists of Algeria contend that Islam is holistic, including both religious belief and political values. However, the experience of 1,000 years of Constantinian Christianity argues for some separation of religion and state.

Tahir, Ungku Maimunah Mohd. 'Sastera Islam": Malaysia's literary phenomenon of the 1970s and 1980s. (Islamic revivalism) Muslim World v79, n3-4 (July-Oct, 1989):232.

Tal, Lawrence. Dealing with radical Islam: the case of Jordan. Survival v37, n3 (Autumn, 1995):139. Abstract: The Jordanian formula of giving the Islamists a place of power in the political arena can be accepted as a model for affecting peace and stability in the regions where Islamic activism is gaining ground. The West perceives these fundamentalist forces as a threat to the territorial integrity. The Jordanian politicians have proven that they can rise above their religious prejudices and work towards a coordinated system of governance. This method calls for emulation by the Middle Eastern policy makers.

Talbani, Aziz. Pedagogy, power, and discourse: transformation of Islamic education.(Special Issue on Religion) Comparative Education Review v40, n1 (Feb, 1996):66. Abstract: Islamization movements ignore non-Islamic forms of knowledge and have been used by politicians to strengthen their power and social control. The effort by traditional Muslims to control institutions of power and education has caused the establishment of autocratic governments and unleashed widespread violence. The democratic government that now rules Pakistan is unable to withdraw some repressive religion-based laws due to fundamentalist opposition. Islamization has greatly affected the Pakistani educational system, causing communal differences, cultural and religious conflicts, and public resistance.

Talbott, Strobe. Mosque vs. palace. (fundamentalists vs. the State in Saudi Arabia; The Gulf) (column) Time v137, n3 (Jan 21, 1991):43. Pub Type: Column.

Talks, Maybe: Algeria. (banned mainstream Islamic party, FIS, may be included in talks between the army-backed regime and Algeria's other political parties) Economist v332, n7880 (Sept 10, 1994):45.

Terror again.(Palestinian terrorism against Israel will never end)(Notebook)(Editorial) New Republic v212, n18 (May 1, 1995):8. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: For most Palestinians, no amount of Israeli territorial or political concessions will ever suffice. Yasir Arafat's pledge to crack down on PLO and Islamic terror is far too little too late; thousands publicly celebrated the martyrdom of the latest suicide bomber Khaled Katib.

Terrorist haven, Islamic threat seen. (Sudan) Facts on File v52, n2678 (March 19, 1992):202. Abstract: Western nations fear that Sudan is becoming a haven for Arab terrorists. Western nations also fear that Sudan's strengthening relations with Iran will lead Sudan to spread Islamic fundamentalism to nearby African states.

The Afghan connection. (terrorism) Time v142, n14 (Oct 4, 1993):64. Abstract: Afghanistan is believed to the source of many of the Islamic fundamentalists who want to overthrow Egypt and were arrested in the World Trade Center bombing. It is not known whether or not Afghanistan is working with Iran to train extremist rebels.

The army tightens its grip: Algeria. Economist v328, n7820 (July 17, 1993):37. Abstract: The military government of Algeria selected two new leaders, General Lamine Zerroual and General Mohammed Lamari, to strengthen resistance against the Islamic fundamentalist opposition. The new hard-line tactics seem no more likely to quell fundamentalism than prison camps and torture.

The battle against the leagues: Upper Egypt. (Islamic Leagues) Economist v324, n7766 (July 4, 1992):38. Abstract: Government forces are struggling to regain control of Sairut, a farming community in the impoverished Asyut region of Egypt. The Islamic Leagues terrorize Christians but provide needed medical and educational services for Muslims the government does not.

The blessings of religion. (Sudan civil war) Economist v331, n7858 (April 9, 1994):45. Abstract: The 11-year civil war between Arabic Islamic fundamentalists in Northern Sudan against Black Christian southern Sudanese continues despite progress in peace talks. More than half a million casualties have resulted from the fighting and a succession of famines.

The bomb threat. (free immigration entry of Islamic extremists - World Trade Center bombing) (Editorial) New Republic v208, n13 (March 29, 1993):9. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: Sheikh Omar Abel Rahamn should not have been allowed US entry or resident status. His fanatical followers have been associated with the assassination of Rabbi Meir Kahane, and Americans have right to expect protection from his ilk.

The distant voices of France. (Algerians who write in French) Economist v330, n7848 (Jan 29, 1994):89. Abstract: Fundamentalist Muslims are blamed for the deaths of five writers in Algeria. Four of the slain wrote in French, an act fundamentalists consider traitorous. One of the murdered authors was a Berber, a people who speak French because their own language was banned by Muslim invaders.

The gap widens: France and Algeria. (Islamic fundamentalists threaten French nationals) Economist v329, n7836 (Nov 6, 1993):61. Abstract: French Pres Edouard Balladur has promised to aid Algeria in fighting Islamic fundamentalists who are attempting to disrupt the nation by driving French expatriates away. Militant Muslims have killed or kidnapped several French nationals in Algeria.

The growing influence of 'God's fanatics.' (fundamentalist Islam) (includes related article) World Press Review v39, n3 (March, 1992):18. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalism is spreading and reaching its peak in the Middle East. The victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in Algeria shows the power of its appeal to the people. Several Middle Eastern countries are surveyed to measure the growing influence of the movement.

The Islamic awakening's second wave. (As the World Turns) (Interview) New Perspectives Quarterly v9, n3 (Summer, 1992):52. Pub Type: Interview. Abstract: The new Islamic rule in the Middle East is better than nationalism or socialism. The Islamic awakening, characterized by the code of Shari'a and the teachings of the Koran, provides the people with laws obeyed not because of government enforcement but because of faith.

The Islamic threat. (to Arab governments) (Editorial) Economist v326, n7802 (March 13, 1993):25. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: Secular governments in Egypt and elsewhere feel threatened by fundamentalist movements, but the criticism of Iran and Sudan for allegedly exporting revolution is exaggerated. The fundamentalists' appeal can be traced to economic problems and limitations on democracy.

The new domino game. (fall of former communist states to Islamic fundamentalism) Economist v325, n7790 (Dec 19, 1992):31. Abstract: Russia fears that if the former Soviet state of Tajikistan falls into the hands of Islamic fundamentalists, other Central Asian countries will follow. A peacekeeping Russian force is trying to control the Islamic revolt against Tajikistan's ex-communist leader.

The plot thickens. (Pakistan claims it has put down attempted coup)(Brief Article) Economist v337, n7937 (Oct 21, 1995):38. Pub Type: Brief Article.

The subtler way: Jordan. (islam and politics) Economist v327, n7805 (April 3, 1993):43. Abstract: The election of 22 members of the conservative Muslim Brotherhood to Jordan's parliament seems to have curbed political violence in that country. The failure of their attempt to legislate gender segregation in schools shows that there is little public support for their views.

Tiglao, Rigoberto. Hit and run: rebels raid belies Manila's claims of stability. (Philippines) Far Eastern Economic Review v158, n16 (April 20, 1995):21. Abstract: A brutal and efficient raid on the Philippines city of Ipil, which most officials think was conducted by the Abu Sayyaf group, signaled surprising strength and capability. It badly hurt President Fidel Ramos's plans for upcoming elections; he already suffered from criticism over the Flor Contemplacion incident. The raid may indicate Abu Sayyaf's expansion off Basilan Island, or perhaps closer ties to the Moro National Liberation Front, despite the latter's ongoing negotiations with the government.

Tiglao, Rigoberto. To fight or not to fight: Muslim groups espouse contrasting doctrines. (Islam)(Cover Story) Far Eastern Economic Review v158, n10 (March 9, 1995):21. Pub Type: Cover Story. Abstract: Nonviolent Islamic movement Tableegh Jumaat and the radical terrorist group Abu Sayaff have both fueled the growth of the two leading Muslim groups in the Southern Philippines. The Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Moro National Liberation Front both disavow Abu Sayaff, but both are thought to at least tolerate it. Both also consider Tableegh Jumaat to be potentially helpful in recruiting new members by spreading fundamentalist ideals.

Today the town hall, tomorrow Turkey? (Islamist politicians seek to create Turkish government based on religious principles)(Brief Article) Economist v338, n7953 (Feb 17, 1996):47. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Toy, Stewart. Algeria: a storm gathering on the Mediterranean. (potential civil war) Business Week n3353 (Jan 10, 1994):55. Abstract: Muslim fundamentalists in Algeria are gaining political power, and want all foreigners to leave the country, including businessmen. The present terrorism may erupt into a civil war, and the government is unstable. Western countries are proposing economic aid to Algeria to prevent war.

Toy, Stewart. Is Algeria about to become the next Iran? (Islamic revolution in Algeria) Business Week n3387 (August 29, 1994):45. Abstract: France and the US have different approaches to subduing political unrest in Algeria due to the Islamic political movement there. France sides with the military government, but the US wants to negotiate with the Islamic groups, who may lead Algeria into a free-market future.

Tribal heat: Jordan. (election law changes) Economist v329, n7836 (Nov 6, 1993):50. Abstract: King Hussein has changed Jordan's laws just before the election in an effort to take away parliamentary seats from Islamic fundamentalists. The new system allows each citizen only one vote, so most will vote for family or tribal affiliates instead of along party lines.

Tsuruoka, Doug. Memories of violence. (Islamic fundamentalist violence) (Malaysia) Far Eastern Economic Review v157, n32 (August 11, 1994):28. Abstract: The Malaysian government is closely watching the activities of the Islamic sect known as Al-Arqam and is hoping to avoid religious confrontations, which have become more common in the country since the 1950s. The rise of fundamentalism in the 1950s and the conflicts with the communist insurgents created an atmosphere of political and religious tension that has at times resulted in bloodshed. Violence between Islamic fundamentalists and either the state or the country's Hindu population erupted several times in the late-1970s and early-1980s.

Turkey eyes Islam. (general elections) Economist v331, n7857 (April 2, 1994):46. Abstract: Prime Minister Tansu Ciller's True Path Party won in general elections by a very slim margin over the rival Motherland Party. The pro-Islamic Welfare Party made significant gains, one candidate winning the mayoral race in Istanbul.

Turn back, Mubarak: Egypt appears to be treading in Algeria's blood-stained footprints. (Hosni Mubarak) (Editorial) Economist v334, n7900 (Feb 4, 1995):15. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: Mubarak's campaign against Islamic extremism has become too indiscriminate and brutal. He seems oblivious to the Egyptian parallel to Algeria, and is probably not subject to US pressure to negotiate because he believes many Egyptian terrorists were trained by the CIA during the Cold War.

Two extremes, one voice: Algeria. (Islamic Salvation Front leaders) Economist v332, n7882 (Sept 24, 1994):44.

Tystad, Martin. Who shoots first.(human rights, Egypt) Index on Censorship v24, n2 (March-April, 1995):159. Abstract: The death sentence and execution of militants or suspected militants has gone up in Egypt since 1981, following the assassination of the then president Anwar Sadat by Islamic fundamentalists. Amnesty international has put the total number of death sentences for 1994 at 39 and executions at 31, compared to average of 10 people every year in the 1980s. The hard line policy of the government seems ironically to be helping radicals as their ranks grows following the death of 'martyrs'.

U.S.- Israeli relations: the Middle East Peace talks. (Ambassador Gad Yacobi's speech, April 30, 1993) Vital Speeches v59, n20 (August 1, 1993):612. Abstract: Israel's UN Ambassador Gad Yaacobi believes that the status of Isreal in the international community has imporved with the forging of diplomatic ties with 123 of the 183 UN members. In effect, this has advanced Middle East peace negotiations, especially with US support.

Umar, Nabil. Egypt's hotbed of extremism. (Al-Munira al-Ghariya region) World Press Review v40, n2 (Feb, 1993):34. Abstract: The Egyptian government and Islamic fundamentalists are waging wars against one another in Egypt's Al-Munira al-Gharbiya. The fundamentalists fight the government because it opposes fundamentalist goals. The government attacks the fundamentalists for breaking its laws and customs.

Useful plot. (Tunisian interior minister claims Islamic militants were plotting coup) Economist v319, n7709 (June 1, 1991):37.

Usmanov, Lerman. Will the 'Islamic factor' determine the country's future? (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan) Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press v46, n1 (Feb 2, 1994):17. Abstract: Islamic influence in Central Asian republics, especially Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, has led to governments' imposition of laws restricting exhibitions of Islamic religiousness. Islamic Fundamentalists founded by Arab and Asian Islamic states have established espionage and propaganda networks. Uzbek authorities have instituted laws limiting the construction of mosques, the holding of religious functions and connections with Islamic states to reverse the Islamic trend.

Vahdatkhah, Ahmad. The revival of Iran's radicals. (anti-West and fundamentalist factions) World Press Review v37, n3 (March, 1990):54.

Vatikiotis, Michael. Ties of faith; Muslims want to integrate - but also to keep identity. (Muslims in Thailand) Far Eastern Economic Review v159, n15 (April 11, 1996):29. Abstract: Muslims living in Thailand's southern states are turning to Islam to replace separatism as a way of reinforcing their identity, a sign democracy there is promoting social tolerance. Suspicion of the Buddhist Thai establishment remains, and a growing political presence has not yet translated into greater wealth. However, the advent of a new trade zone with Indonesia and especially Malaysia, to which most of the Muslims have social and economic ties, offers the chance their ethnicity will soon become an advantage.

Vatikiotis, Michael. Faith in the masses: Al-Arqam leader strikes a confident note. (Malaysia) Far Eastern Economic Review v157, n32 (August 11, 1994):28. Abstract: Sheikh Imam Ashaari Muhammad At-Tamimi insists that his Al-Arqam sect promotes peaceful Islamic fundamentalism. The Malaysian government has threatened to ban the sect for supposedly violent tendencies. However, Ashaari says that neither he nor his followers have ever agitated against the Malaysian government. He stresses the sect's work in organizing businesses and schools and feels that the Malay government does not represent the sentiments of the people.

Veksler, Leonid. Uranium for the Mujahedeen, or the 'nuclear aspect' of the civil war in Tajikistan. Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press v45, n35 (Sept 29, 1993):15. Abstract: Islamic countries have aided Muslim fundamentalist rebels in Tajikistan to gain access to the region's uranium deposits and processing facilities. Tajik Islamic militants have been trained and equipped by countries such as Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. There are reports of negotiations between these countries and Tajikistan on nuclear cooperation and export of nuclear weapons technology.

Victor, Jeffrey S. Forecasting the future of religion: the next 50 years. Humanist v56, n3 (May-June, 1996):20. Abstract: There are two contradictory movements happening in the world: secularization and religious fundamentalism. Many institutional religions have lost their appeal, while folk religions based on supernaturalism are more popular. Predictions about Islamic and Christian fundamentalism are given.

Vidal-Hall, Judith. Algeria: why women? (The Body Politic) Index on Censorship v24, n4 (July-August, 1995):94. Abstract: The subjugation of women by the fanatic Muslims in Algeria is being opposed by a small group of women comprising artists and theatre personalities. According to a report published by UNESCO, violence against women has become a way of life for the Islamic fundamentalists. They murder and rape women who refuse to wear the veil or show an inclination for education. Professions like hair-dressing, journalism, astrology, law and films are considered heretical and any woman aspiring for a career in any of these fields is severely punished.

Viorst, Milton. Sudan's Islamic experiment.(Fundamentalism in Power) Foreign Affairs v74, n3 (May-June, 1995):45. Abstract: The decision to make Sudan an official Islamic state is likely to cause dissension among some of its native people. Nearly half of the Sudanese people are not of Arabic descent, but rather are native Africans with their own customs. The present government led Hassan al-Turabi is probably correct to encourage a moderate version of Islam, despite the call by Arab states and some Muslims within the Sudan for a more rigorous form of Islam.

Vogel, Artur K. Fundamentalism's Western helpers. (West's portrayal of Islamic fundamentalists) World Press Review v40, n10 (Oct, 1993):45. Abstract: Many devout Muslims resent the Western news media's depiction of all Muslims as violent Islamic fundamentalists. Fundamentalists are a minority in most Arab nations, but the media's unfair portrayal of Islamic people has caused some people to sympathize with fundamentalism.

Vote or fight: Egypt. (the Egyptian government staged a crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood prior to the Nov 29, 1995 elections)(Brief Article) Economist v337, n7943 (Dec 2, 1995):38. Pub Type: Brief Article.

Wall, James M. Salman Rushdie: newsmaker of the year. (editorial) Christian Century v107, n1 (Jan 3, 1990):3. Pub Type: Editorial.

Walsh, James; Gray, Paul. Death to the author. (feminist Taslima Nasrin) (includes related article) Time v144, n7 (August 15, 1994):26. Abstract: Islamic fundamentalists are calling for the death of author Taslima Nasrin, for her negative portrayal of Muslims in her novella 'Shame' and for saying the Koran needed revision to give equal rights to women. She is scared and virtually a prisoner in her own apartment.

Watson, Russell. Iran's crusade falls far short; Islamic fundamentalism continues to spread, but Khomeini's brand has found few takers. (Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini) Newsweek v112, n8 (Aug 22, 1988):32.

Watson, Russell. An army of eternal victims. (militant fundamentalism in Islamic countries) Newsweek v121, n11 (March 15, 1993):34. Abstract: Militant Islamic fundamentalists are upsetting political and social order in the Islamic world. Radical factions, such as Egypt's Gamaa al-Islamiya, use terrorist tactics to fight the government and non-Muslims.

Watzman, Haim; Ramzi, Issam. Israel closes 4 Palestinian colleges for alleged links to Islamic extremists. Chronicle of Higher Education v42, n27 (March 15, 1996):A46. Abstract: The Israeli army has closed 4 Palestinian colleges for alleged links with Muslim extremists from the groups Hamas and Islamic Jihad. According to the army, many documents from the 2 groups were discovered in all 4 institutions. The documents included pamphlets advocating suicide attacks on Israel. Mohammed Abu Warda was convicted of recruiting 2 of the suicide bombers who struck on Mar 3, 1996, and sentenced to life imprisonment.

We won't take any more.(relations between Eritrea and Sudan) Economist v337, n7936 (Oct 14, 1995):50. Abstract: Eritrea wants the Islamic government of Sudan not to exist anymore, and is offering to give weapons to any country willing to overthrow it. The Eritrean government fears that Sudanese Islamic fundamentalists will come into their country and create conflict amongst its Muslims and Christians.

Weaver, Mary Anne. The trail of the sheikh: a reporter at large. (Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman) New Yorker v69, n8 (April 12, 1993):71. Pub Type: Biography. Abstract: Sheikh Omar, whose New Jersey followers are charged with the World Trade Center bombing, has been leading a fundamentalist revolution against the Egyptian government. His life and movement are profiled and the circumstances of his entrance into the US are examined.

Weaver, Mary Anne. A fugitive from injustice. (Bangladeshi feminist writer Taslima Nasrin) New Yorker v70, n28 (Sept 12, 1994):48. Abstract: Nasrin, a brazenly outspoken critic of social, sexual and religious norms in Bangladesh, has been made the death target of several Islamic fatwahs. She lives in exile in Sweden as her writings, radical even by Western standards, have inspired worldwide persecution by Islamic fundamentalists.

What's the difference between Algeria and Turkey? (Islamic fundamentalists) Economist v334, n7906 (March 18, 1995):49. Abstract: Turkey is showing signs of a growing Islamic fundamentalist movement, similar to the one taking place in Algeria. The Welfare Party of Turkey is pushing for an Islamic state, and a weak, corrupt, and repressive government could push its citizens into violent rebellion.

When taming is inflaming: Egypt. (crackdown against fundamentalists) Economist v325, n7790 (Dec 19, 1992):41. Abstract: A campaign of violence by Islamic fundamentalists against tourists has caused tourism in Egypt to fall by over one-third in late 1992. The Mubarak government responded with a harsh crackdown, resulting in the arrest of approximately 600 activists.

Where Islam recruits. (Egypt and Algeria) (Editorial) Economist v333, n7889 (Nov 12, 1994):17. Pub Type: Editorial. Abstract: Alienation from the government fuels the militant Islamic movement in both Egypt and Algeria. Egypt has begun to crack down on both moderates and extremists rather than accommodating responsible Islamists. Algerians are caught between terrorists and the military.

Who to emulate? (crisis in Shia leadership in Iran) Middle East n242 (Feb, 1995):13. Abstract: Ayatollah Ali Khameini's refusal to accept the highest position of Marja Taqlid in the Shiite hierarchy in Iran may have either been a result of his desire to defuse the intense debate over the clergy's role in politics or make his present position in Iran's political hierarchy appear as even higher than that of a Marja. There are, however, serious contenders to Khameini's leadership in the country.

Why Islam is turning violent in Pakistan. Economist v334, n7904 (March 4, 1995):35. Abstract: Since the end of the Cold War Pakistanis have developed decidedly anti-American attitudes, seeing the US as anti-Muslim. This has resulted in Pakistan changing from a moderate Muslim country to a more radical one with increased Islamic violence.

Wilkinson, Ray. Life after the ayatollah; Iran begins to chafe under revolutionary rule. (Ruhollah Ayatollah Khomeini) Newsweek v113, n26 (June 26, 1989):47. Pub Type: Biography.

Wisdom of the mosque. (Islamic fundamentalism in Egypt) Index on Censorship v23, n1-2 (May-June, 1994):122. Abstract: Al-Azhar, a university in Egypt established in 972 AD, has been upholding Islamic fundamentalists' view that art and culture should conform to the letter and spirit of Islam. The university banned Naguib Mahfouz's novel 'Awlad Haritna' in 1959 and Louis Awad's book on linguistics 'Muqadima Fi Fikh Al Lugha Al-Arabia' in 1981 on the basis that they offended the prophets of Islam and Arabia. The Council of State has authorized Al-Azhar to ban any book that blasphemes Islam.

Wistrich, Robert. Fundamentalists on the rise: letter from Jerusalem. (Arab anti-semitism) Encounter v72, n3 (March, 1989):56.

Wood, Chris. 'It's open season.' (Islamic terrorists in the U.S.; includes related article about Islamic terrorism in Turkey) Maclean's v106, n28 (July 12, 1993):28. Abstract: The US could become a target for more terrorist attacks because Islamic fundamentalists are seeking publicity and notoriety for their cause. The arrest of eight Muslims charged with plotting to bomb various areas in New York, NY, demonstrates how vulnerable the US is to terrorism.

Wright, Robin. The Islamic resurgence: a new phase? (The Middle East 1988) Current History v87, n526 (Feb, 1988):53.

Writer goes into hiding. (Bangladeshi writer Taslima Nasreen) IPI Report v43, n7-8 (July-August, 1994):6. Abstract: Taslima Nasreen, a Bangladeshi feminist writer and critic of Islam, went into hiding in Jun 1994 after a court decided to arrest her for criticizing Islam through her blasphemous statements against the holy text, the Koran. Muslim fundamentalists such as Mufti Nazul Islam want her to be executed. Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia's not protecting Nasreen is viewed as curbing the freedom of expression in Bangladesh.

Writer's block: Islam and toleration. (how Muslim fundamentalism affects writers and scholars) Economist v338, n7950 (Jan 27, 1996):78. Abstract: Writers such as Salman Rushdie and Taslima Nasrin and scholars such as Nasr Abu Zeid face danger from Muslim fundamentalists because of their criticism and interpretations of Islamic texts. Many intellectuals have been exiled, assassinated or jailed for expressing their thoughts, which are needed.

Wrong, Terence. Mullah's day: Algeria braces for the worst. (Muslim fundamentalist politics) New Republic v206, n7 (Feb 17, 1992):18. Abstract: Many Algerians, especially women, fear the growing political power of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS). The FIS questions the honesty and legitimacy of the corrupt National Liberation Front regime and is gaining support despite the jailing of its top three leaders.

Yavuz, M. Hakan. Turkey's 'imagined enemies': Kurds and Islamists. World Today v52, n4 (April, 1996):99. Abstract: Turkey is riven by the movements of fundamentalist Islamism, Kurdish nationalism and Kemalist Turkish nationalism. Turkish society is divided into different cultures and smooth government is unlikely in view of the country's chronic economic and foreign relations problems. The 1980 military coup led to a greater connection of church and state. The country's future depends on its ability to remain a democracy which can accommodate different cultures and religions.

Young, Nicholas. Letter from Cairo. (Islamic fundamentalists attempt to force divorce of Nasr Abu Zeid) New Statesman & Society v6, n258 (June 25, 1993):11. Abstract: A suit filed in Egypt by seven Islamic fundamentalist lawyers is attempting to force Nasr Abu Zeid's wife to divorce him. The suit alleges that Abu Zeid, the author of studies that are interpreted as disrespectful to Islam, is an apostate and must be divorced by his Muslim wife under Islamic law.

Zimbabwe bars call to Islam. (opposition to promotion of Islamic fundamentalism) New York Times/NYTIA v142 (Sat, Nov 14, 1992):5(L), col 6, 1 col in.

Zimmermann, Tim. An Iranian foothold in the Balkans: a wartime alliance becomes a peacetime threat. U.S. News & World Report v120, n10 (March 11, 1996):39. Abstract: Iran has been supplying weapons to the Muslim forces in Bosnia for several years, and the US is now worried that Iran's influence may increase fundamentalism in Bosnia. The UN uncovered evidence of Iranian-run terrorism camps near Sarajevo, and many top Bosnian leaders have ties to Iran.

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